混作豆科饲草及减氮对青贮玉米生产系统土壤理化特性和产量的影响
王弟成 , 柴强 , 樊志龙 , 殷文 , 范虹 , 何蔚 , 孙亚丽 , 桑会哲 , 胡发龙
草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12) : 97 -110.
混作豆科饲草及减氮对青贮玉米生产系统土壤理化特性和产量的影响
Effects of mixed cropping of leguminous forage and reduced nitrogen fertilizer on soil physicochemical properties and forage yield in a silage maize production system
针对河西绿洲灌区青贮玉米氮肥投入高、土壤质量下降等问题,本研究在减氮条件下,探讨混作豆科饲草对青贮玉米生产系统土壤理化特性及产量的影响,以期为该区土壤健康管理和青贮玉米可持续生产提供科学依据和理论支撑。试验于2023-2024年在武威绿洲农业综合试验站开展,采用裂区设计,主区为3个种植模式(M: 青贮玉米单作;MH: 青贮玉米-秣食豆混作;ML: 青贮玉米-拉巴豆混作),裂区为3个施氮水平(N3: 360 kg·hm-2; N2: 306 kg·hm-2; N1: 252 kg·hm-2)。结果表明,与M模式氮肥减施30%处理相比,MH和ML模式相同施氮水平下土壤容重分别降低5.5%和8.0%、孔隙度分别提高6.6%和10.8%、pH分别降低0.9%和1.0%、有机质分别提高3.9%和5.1%、全氮含量分别提高9.2%和10.4%、全磷含量分别提高8.7%和10.9%、全钾含量分别提高9.4%和12.0%、硝态氮含量分别提高26.4%和29.8%、铵态氮含量分别提高19.1%和25.1%、有效磷含量分别提高8.8%和10.6%、速效钾含量分别提高5.7%和10.1%。此外,与M模式相比,MH模式下饲草产量和能量产量分别提高23.1%和25.2%,ML模式下分别提高30.5%和33.6%;MH模式下减氮30%处理饲草产量和能量产量与传统施氮差异不显著,但ML模式下较之提高20.5%和17.8%;并且,与M模式传统施氮处理相比,MH模式减氮30%处理饲草产量和能量产量分别提高15.8%和17.8%,ML减氮30%处理分别提高23.8%和28.6%。因此,青贮玉米混作拉巴豆结合施氮量252 kg·hm-2可改善土壤理化性质、提高饲草产量,可作为绿洲灌区青贮玉米生产的适宜种植模式和施氮量。
In response to the issues of high nitrogen fertilizer input and declining soil quality in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area for silage maize (Zea mays) production, this study investigated the effects of mixed leguminous forages on soil physicochemical properties and yield of silage maize under reduced nitrogen supply. The aim was to provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for development of recommendations for soil health management and sustainable production of silage maize in this region. The experiment was conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station from 2023 to 2024 using a split-plot design. The main plots consisted of three crop planting patterns [M: monoculture of silage maize; MH: mixed of silage maize and soybean (Glycine max); ML: mixed of silage maize and lablab bean (Dolichos lablab)], while the subplots comprised three nitrogen application levels (N3: 360 kg·ha-1; N2: 306 kg·ha-1; N1: 252 kg·ha-1). The results showed that compared to the M planting pattern with a 30% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer, the soil bulk density in MH and ML patterns under the same nitrogen level was reduced by 5.5% and 8.0%, respectively; porosity was increased by 6.6% and 10.8%, respectively; pH was decreased by 0.9% and 1.0%, respectively; organic matter was increased by 3.9% and 5.1%, respectively; total nitrogen content was increased by 9.2% and 10.4%, respectively; total phosphorus content was increased by 8.7% and 10.9%, respectively; total potassium content was increased by 9.4% and 12.0%, respectively; nitrate nitrogen content was increased by 26.4% and 29.8%, respectively; ammonium nitrogen content was increased by 19.1% and 25.1%, respectively; available phosphorus content was increased by 8.8% and 10.6%, respectively; and available potassium content was increased by 5.7% and 10.1%, respectively. In addition, compared to the M planting pattern, the forage yield and energy yield in the MH planting pattern were increased by 23.1% and 25.2%, respectively, and in the ML planting pattern by 30.5% and 33.6%, respectively. Under the MH planting pattern with a 30% reduction in nitrogen, the forage yield and energy yield did not differ significantly from traditional nitrogen application, but under the ML pattern, they were increased by 20.5% and 17.8%, respectively. Moreover, the forage yield and energy yield in the MH planting pattern with a 30% reduction in nitrogen were increased by 15.8% and 17.8%, respectively, compared to the traditional nitrogen application in the M planting pattern, and in the ML pattern with a 30% reduction in nitrogen, they were increased by 23.8% and 28.6%, respectively. Therefore, ML patten combined with a nitrogen application rate of 252 kg·ha-1 improved soil physicochemical properties and increased forage yield, and can be recommended as a suitable cropping pattern and nitrogen rate for silage maize production in the oasis irrigation area.
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1900200)
国家自然科学基金(U21A20218)
甘肃省“双一流”科研重点项目(GSSYLXM-02)
甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才培育项目(Gaufx-05Y09)
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