西北旱区滴灌条件下玉米干物质积累、转运及籽粒产量对施钾量的响应
洪自强 , 张正珍 , 苏明 , 李翻过 , 周甜 , 吴宏亮 , 康建宏
草业学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12) : 121 -133.
西北旱区滴灌条件下玉米干物质积累、转运及籽粒产量对施钾量的响应
Responses of maize dry matter accumulation, translocation and grain yield to potassium application rates under drip irrigation conditions in the arid areas of Northwest China
探究滴灌条件下施钾量对玉米干物质积累、转运及产量形成的影响,以期为宁夏旱区玉米高产高效栽培提供理论依据和技术支撑。于2022-2023年在宁夏银川平吉堡农场开展随机区组试验,试验共设6个钾肥处理,分别为0(K0)、60(K1)、120(K2)、180(K3)、240(K4)和300 kg·hm-2(K5)。合理增钾可显著提高玉米干物质积累量,有效提高玉米花前、花后物质转运及对籽粒的贡献率,最终为产量提高奠定基础。2年间K3处理下干物质积累量均达到最大值分别为37826和36610 kg·hm-2,较其他处理分别显著提高6.53%~23.12%和3.62%~18.79%。2年间K3处理下花前转运贡献率(DMRCG)最大,较其他处理分别提高14.84%~81.87%和5.61%~25.84%。2年间K3处理花后物质积累量最大,较其他处理分别提高7.13%~17.44% (P<0.05)和1.48%~16.33%。与K0相比,K3处理干物质积累速率最大时的生长量(Wmax)2年分别显著增加20.63%和18.47%。2年间K3处理最大干物质积累速率(Vmax)较其他处理分别显著提高4.42%~37.21%和1.52%~18.24%,K3处理平均干物质积累速率(Vmean)较其他处理分别提高6.60%~40.50%和4.25%~22.74%。2年间K3处理平均群体生长速率(CGR)最大,较其他处理分别提高4.75%~26.36%和2.93%~17.16%。随着施钾量的增加,玉米产量表现为先增后降趋势,K3处理玉米籽粒产量最大,2年分别为15179和14944 kg·hm-2,较其他处理分别提高2.29%~18.07%和4.32%~28.24%。通径分析表明,在高密度种植条件下,要进一步提升产量,首先要增加百粒重,其次考虑增加穗数和穗粒数。对产量与施钾量进行二次方程拟合,得到2022年经济最佳施钾量为167.25 kg·hm-2,2023年为170.66 kg·hm-2。综合分析得出,在宁夏旱区推荐玉米最佳经济施钾量为167~180 kg·hm-2,从而达到高产高效栽培的目的。
This research aimed to provide scientific and technical data to support high-yield and high-efficiency of maize cultivation in the arid region of Ningxia and investigated the effects of potassium application rates on dry matter accumulation, transport, and yield formation of maize (Zea mays) under drip irrigation. A randomized block trial was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at Pingjipu Farm, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China. The trial included six potassium fertilizer treatments: 0 (K0), 60 (K1), 120 (K2), 180 (K3), 240 (K4), and 300 kg·ha-1 (K5). Appropriate potassium supplementation significantly enhanced dry matter accumulation and improved both pre- and post-anthesis substrate translocation efficiency, thereby establishing the foundation for yield improvement. The K3 treatment achieved maximum dry matter accumulation of 37826 kg·ha-1 in 2022 and 36610 kg·ha-1 in 2023. These values significantly exceeded those of other treatments by 6.53%-23.12% and 3.62%-18.79%, respectively. The pre-anthesis dry matter translocation contribution rate under the K3 treatment was 14.84%-81.87% (2022) and 5.61%-25.84% (2023) higher than other treatments. Post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in K3 increased by 7.13%-17.44% (P<0.05) and 1.48%-16.33% across the two years. Compared with K0, K3 exhibited 20.63% (2022) and 18.47% (2023) higher biomass at maximum biomass accumulation. The maximum dry matter accumulation rate under K3 surpassed other treatments by 4.42%-37.21% (2022) and 1.52%-18.24% (2023), while the mean accumulation rate increased by 6.60%-40.50% and 4.25%-22.74%, in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The K3 treatment also achieved the highest mean crop growth rate (CGR), exceeding other treatments by 4.75%-26.36% and 2.93%-17.16% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Maize yield initially increased then decreased with increasing potassium application rates, peaking under K3 at 15179 kg·ha-1 (2022) and 14944 kg·ha-1 (2023), corresponding to average yield improvements of 2.29%-18.07% and 4.32%-28.24%, respectively, over other treatments. Path analysis revealed that under high-density planting conditions, prioritizing enhancement of 100-grain weight, followed by ear number and kernel number per ear could further boost yields. Quadratic regression analysis identified optimal economic potassium rates of 167.25 kg·ha-1 (2022) and 170.66 kg·ha-1 (2023). Integrated analysis therefore demonstrates that the recommended optimal economic potassium application rate for maize in arid regions of Ningxia ranges from 167 to 180 kg·ha-1, thereby achieving the dual objectives of high-yield and resource-efficient cultivation.
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宁夏高质量发展与生态保护科技创新示范项目(NGSB-2021-3-02)
宁夏区重点研发项目(2019BBF02003)
宁夏粮食作物种质创制与生长调控科技创新团队(2022BSB03109)
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