生草对陇东果园土壤肥力影响的区域评估
任浩奇 , 李彤 , 杨荣 , 王鸿 , 赵明新 , 刘学周 , 宋淑钧 , 孙开 , 薛俊武
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (02) : 83 -94.
生草对陇东果园土壤肥力影响的区域评估
Effects of herbage ground cover on orchard soil fertility enhancement in the Longdong Region of Gansu Province
为明确旱区果园生草栽培模式的实施效应,揭示生草与清耕果园土壤养分指标差异的影响因素。以陇东地区12县(区)45组生草-清耕果园为研究对象,系统分析土壤表层有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、全碳(TC)、全磷(TP)、碱解氮(AN)和pH的差异性特征,并探讨气候条件、土壤类型及生草管理措施的调控效应。结果表明:1)与清耕相比,生草使SOM、TN、TC、AN和pH分别增加26.7%、7.1%、10.4%、18.2%和2.5%,TP降低8.3%;频率统计结果显示,生草较清耕SOM、TN、TC、TP、AN和pH明显增加的样点分别占比44.4%、35.6%、53.3%、26.7%、37.8%和73.3%。2)年降水量与SOM、TC、AN、pH变化率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且年降水量超过400 mm时,土壤SOM、TC变化率大于0;年均气温的高低对TP和pH的变化率无显著影响,与SOM和AN的变化率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);3)生草年限与TN、TP、AN、SOM、TC变化率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),pH与生草年限的负线性关系未达到显著水平;SOM、TN、TC、AN、TP变化率均随生草年限增加而增加,其中TP的增速最快,达8.2 g·kg-1·a-1;生草4年以上的果园SOM、TN含量均高于清耕。4)人工生草TP变化率(-18.3%)显著低于自然生草(4.9%),pH值相反;黑垆土TC变化率比黄壤土提高25.7%,TP降低27.6%(P<0.05)。研究结果可为陇东地区果园生草技术的优化与推广提供科学依据,指导果农根据当地气候条件和土壤类型,合理选择生草类型和管理措施,以提高果园土壤肥力,促进果园生态系统的可持续发展。
This study examined soil nutrient differences between clean-cultivated orchards and those with grass or similar ground cover to identify the effect of orchard management regime on soil properties in arid regions of China. We identified 45 pairs of orchards in 12 counties of the Longdong area of Gansu Province for sampling. The two orchards in each pair were near to each other and matched for age and type of fruit tree, but differed in that one was clean-cultivated, while the other was managed with herbage ground cover. Systematic analysis was conducted on the variations of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), total phosphorus (TP), alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN), and pH in the soil surface. The impacts of climatic conditions, soil types, and grass cultivation practices were deliberated upon. The results showed that: 1) In comparison to clean tillage, the soil SOM, TN, TC, AN, and pH levels were increased by 26.7%, 7.1%, 10.4%, 18.2%, and 2.5%, respectively, where herbage ground cover was present, while TP decreased by 8.3%. The 45 pairs of orchards were categorized for the same 6 parameters as increased, unchanged or decreased when herbage ground cover was present and the resulting frequency ratios of percentage of the 45 paired sites increased∶percentage of sites increased under herbage cover SOM, TN, TC, AN, pH and TP levels were 44.4%, 35.6%, 53.3%, 37.8%, 73.3% and 26.7%, and decreased were 24.4%, 33.3%, 24.4%, 26.7%, 22.2%, and 51.1%, respectively. 2) Annual rainfall showed a significant positive correlation with SOM, TC, AN, and pH (P<0.05). At sites with annual rainfall greater than 400 mm, both SOM and TC rates of change exceeded zero. However, annual air temperature did not have a significant impact on TP and pH, but exhibited a positive correlation with SOM and AN (P<0.05). 3) A significant positive correlation was observed between the number of years since establishment of herbage cover and the rates of change in TN, TP, AN, SOM, and TC (P<0.05). There was a trend of a negative linear association between pH and the number of years since herbage establishment, however, this trend did not achieve statistical significance. The rates of change in SOM, TN, TC, AN, and TP all increased with time since establishment of orchard ground cover, with TP showing the highest growth rate at 8.2 g·kg-1·yr-1. Furthermore, orchards with ground cover established for more than 4 years demonstrated higher levels of SOM and TN compared to those clean-cultivated orchards. 4) The rate of change of TP under sown vegetation cover (-18.3%) was significantly more negative than that in natural grassland (4.9%), while the opposite was true for pH, with sown ground cover exhibiting a faster rate of pH increase than naturally occurring herbage. The rate of TC increase in dark loessial soil was 25.7% higher than that in yellow loam soil, while the rate of TP decrease was 27.6% faster in dark loessial than yellow loam soil (P<0.05). These results offer a scientific foundation for optimizing and promoting orchard grassing techniques in the Longdong area. They can also assist fruit growers in selecting appropriate grassing methods and management practices based on local climate conditions and soil types, so as to improve orchard soil fertility and promote the sustainable development of orchard ecosystem.
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