留茬高度与收获期对渝青玉3号青贮玉米营养成分、霉菌毒素含量及肉牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响
李国聪 , 尹福泉 , 劳蔼鸿 , 白雨鑫 , 王胜男 , 卢艳丽
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (02) : 155 -166.
留茬高度与收获期对渝青玉3号青贮玉米营养成分、霉菌毒素含量及肉牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响
Effects of stubble height and harvest period on the nutritional components and mycotoxin content of the silage maize cultivar ‘Yu Qingyu No. 3’ and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters for beef cattle
本试验旨在研究留茬高度与收获期对青贮玉米营养成分、霉菌毒素含量及肉牛瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响,为提高青贮玉米的饲用价值提供理论支持。以渝青玉3号青贮玉米为材料,留茬高度分别选取20、30、40、50和60 cm,收获期分别选取1/4、1/2、3/4乳线期和蜡熟期,共20个处理,每个处理3次重复。按照5点取样法分别在相同的收获期内取10株不同留茬高度的青贮玉米,揉丝剪其长度为1 cm左右放入青贮罐内青贮90 d,青贮过后测定其营养成分、霉菌毒素含量及肉牛瘤胃体外发酵参数。结果表明:1)在不同留茬高度与收获期的处理下,粗蛋白质(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和总能(GE)均差异显著(P<0.05);当留茬高度在40 cm时,GE含量随着收获期的延迟呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在3/4乳线期达到最大值。2)留茬高度与收获期对玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、黄曲霉毒素(AFs)含量均影响显著(P<0.05);当留茬高度在50 cm时,ZEN含量随着收获期延迟呈现先下降后上升的趋势,在3/4乳线期达到最小值。3)在不同留茬高度与收获期的处理下,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸在肉牛瘤胃体外发酵时长为24 及48 h均差异显著(P<0.05);当留茬高度在30 cm且收获期为3/4乳线期时,肉牛瘤胃体外发酵48 h的丙酸浓度达到最大值,24 h的丁酸浓度则与此相反,且24 h的丁酸浓度随着收获期延迟呈现先下降后上升的趋势。综上所述,渝青玉3号青贮玉米留茬高度应在30~50 cm且3/4乳线期收获较为适宜。
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of stubble height and harvest time on the nutritional components and mycotoxin content of silage made from maize (Zea mays ‘Yu Qingyu No. 3’) as well as in vitro rumen fermentation parameters for beef cattle. The overall aim of this research is to provide a theoretical support for improving the feed value of silage maize. The silage maize cultivar ‘Yu Qingyu No. 3’ was cut to five different stubble heights (20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm) and harvested at four different stages (1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 milk line stage, and dough stage), a total of 20 treatments were tested, each replicated three times. According to the five-point sampling method, 10 silage maize plants in each stubble height treatment group were harvested at each harvest period. The harvested plants were crushed and then the fibers were cut to about 1 cm in length, and ensiled in a silage tank for 90 days. After ensiling, samples were analyzed for nutritional components, mycotoxin content, and in vitro rumen fermentation parameters for beef cattle. The results showed that: 1) The crude protein (CP), crude ash (Ash), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents and gross energy (GE) all differed significantly among the stubble height treatments and among the harvest period treatments (P<0.05). At a stubble height of 40 cm, the gross energy content showed a trend of initial increase and then decrease with the delay of the harvest time, reaching the maximum value at the 3/4 milk line stage. 2) The zearalenone (ZEN) and aflatoxin (AFs) contents in the maize differed significantly among the stubble height and harvest period treatments (P<0.05). At a stubble height of 50 cm, the zearalenone content showed a trend of initial decrease and then increase with the delay of the harvest date, reaching the minimum value at the 3/4 milk line stage. 3) In the in vitro fermentation analyses, the concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid at 24 and 48 hours differed significantly between the stubble height and the harvest time treatments (P<0.05). At the stubble height of 30 cm and harvest at the 3/4 milk line stage, the concentration of propionic acid reached the maximum value after 48 hours of in vitro fermentation, while the concentration of butyric acid was lowest at 24 hours and showed a pattern of initial decrease followed by an increase with delayed harvest. In summary, to produce high-quality silage, the maize cultivar ‘Yu Qingyu No. 3’ should be cut to a stubble height of 30-50 cm and harvested at the 3/4 milk line stage.
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