有机肥等氮替代化肥对旱作区青贮玉米/饲用大豆间作系统饲草产量和水分利用效率的影响
臧家艺 , 徐明杰 , 谢济骋 , 沈禹颖 , 来兴发
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (03) : 83 -95.
有机肥等氮替代化肥对旱作区青贮玉米/饲用大豆间作系统饲草产量和水分利用效率的影响
Effects of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer at equivalent nitrogen levels on forage yield and water use efficiency in a silage maize/forage soybean intercropping system in dryland areas
为探究有机肥等氮替代化肥和间作比例对黄土高原地区青贮玉米/饲用大豆间作系统饲草产量和水分利用效率的影响,于2024年在陇东黄土高原的台塬区西峰和丘陵沟壑区环县开展试验,设置100%无机氮肥模式下2行玉米/2行大豆间作(M2S2F)和4行玉米/2行大豆间作(M4S2F),有机肥等氮替代化肥模式下2行玉米/2行大豆间作(M2S2O)和4行玉米/2行大豆间作(M4S2O),青贮玉米单作(M)和饲用大豆单作(S),共6个处理,探究种植模式和有机肥等氮替代化肥对作物系统干物质产量、粗蛋白产量、土地当量比、种间竞争系数、水分利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明:有机肥等氮替代化肥在两地均表现出稳产效应,能有效减少化肥施用量。两地间作系统的干物质产量介于青贮玉米和饲用大豆单作之间,种植模式和有机肥等氮替代化肥对两地系统粗蛋白产量无显著影响。在西峰点,100%无机氮肥模式下的间作模式都具有间作优势且饲用大豆竞争力强于青贮玉米,各间作系统的水分利用效率都高于单作的加权平均值,其中M4S2F处理综合表现最优,其干物质产量、粗蛋白产量和干物质水分利用效率分别达到25.9 t·hm⁻²、2.86 t·hm⁻²和90.49 kg·hm⁻²·mm⁻¹;干物质水分利用效率较单作提高了22.0%,净收入最高,为24690 CNY·hm-2。在环县点,2行玉米/2行大豆间作模式具有土地利用优势,青贮玉米在各间作处理下均处于竞争优势。M2S2O模式综合表现最优,其干物质产量、粗蛋白产量和干物质水分利用效率分别达到17.2 t·hm⁻²、1.98 t·hm⁻²和57.63 kg·hm⁻²·mm⁻¹;干物质水分利用效率较单作提高了8.5%,净收入最高,为16052 CNY·hm-2。因此,建议在黄土高原的台塬区推广100%无机氮肥+4行玉米/2行大豆间作模式,在丘陵沟壑区推广有机肥等氮替代化肥+2行玉米/2行大豆间作模式。
The aim of this research was to examine the impact of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer at equivalent nitrogen levels, and the effects of varying intercropping ratios, on the forage yield and water use efficiency (WUE) within a silage maize/forage soybean intercropping system in the Loess Plateau region. The experiments were conducted in the tableland region (Xifeng) and the hilly gully region (Huanxian) of the Longdong Loess Plateau in 2024. Six treatments were established, as follows: 100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer with two rows of maize/two rows of soybean (M2S2F) and four rows of maize/two rows of soybean (M4S2F); replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer at an equivalent nitrogen level with two rows of maize/two rows of soybean (M2S2O) and four rows of maize/two rows of soybean (M4S2O); and silage maize monoculture (M) and forage soybean monoculture (S). We investigated the effects of these cropping patterns and organic fertilizer substitution on the system’s dry matter yield, crude protein yield, land equivalent ratio, interspecific competition coefficient, WUE, and economic benefits. The results show that substitution with organic fertilizer led to yield stabilization at both sites, while reducing the application rate of chemical fertilizers. At both sites, the dry matter yields of intercropping systems were in between those of the maize and soybean monocultures. Neither the planting pattern nor the substitution with organic fertilizer significantly affected the system’s crude protein yield. At Xifeng, intercropping systems with 100% chemical nitrogen fertilizers demonstrated several advantages, with forage soybean exhibiting stronger competitiveness than silage maize. All intercropping systems had higher WUE than the average values of monocultures. At Xifeng, M4S2F exhibited the optimal overall performance, with a dry matter yield of 25.9 t·ha-1, crude protein yield of 2.86 t·ha-1, and WUE based on dry matter yield of 90.49 kg·ha-1·mm-1, reflecting a 22.0% increase compared with monocultures. It also achieved a maximum net income of 24690 CNY·ha-1. At Huanxian, the intercropping system consisting of two rows of maize/two rows of soybean exhibited higher land use benefits, with silage maize maintaining competitive dominance across all intercropping treatments. At Huanxian, M2S2O demonstrated the optimal overall performance, with a dry matter yield of 17.2 t·ha-1, crude protein yield of 1.98 t·ha-1, WUE based on dry matter yield of 57.63 kg·ha-1·mm-1, and net income of 16052 CNY·ha-1. This reflected an 8.5% increase in WUE based on dry matter yield compared with monocultures. In conclusion, it is recommended to adopt 100% chemical fertilizer with a four rows of maize/two rows of soybean intercropping system in the tableland region of the Loess Plateau, and to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer at an equivalent nitrogen level and use a two rows of maize/two rows of soybean intercropping system in the hill-gully region of the Loess Plateau.
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中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(24ZYQA049)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300803)
环县科技重大项目计划(HX-STK-2024A-012)
中央高校基本科研业务费(lzujbky-2023-50)
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