土壤微生态因子对伊贝母药用品质的影响
Effects of soil microecological factors on the medicinal quality of Fritillaria pallidiflora
伊贝母药用品质的形成受土壤微生态系统内理化性质和微生物群落结构的共同影响。本研究通过比较栽培伊贝母(头茬3、4年和重茬3、4年)与野生伊贝母药用成分含量的差异,探究土壤微生态因子对伊贝母药用品质的影响。结果表明:在栽培伊贝母中头茬4年伊贝母的药用品质最优,其药用成分(总黄酮、西贝母碱、西贝母碱苷、腺苷和β-胸苷)的含量显著高于其他栽培伊贝母,但是与野生伊贝母相比仍有显著差异(P<0.05)。土壤理化性质分析显示,野生区土壤有机碳(SOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量最高;头茬4年伊贝母土壤SOC、NO3--N、AP和AK的含量以及电导率(EC)显著高于头茬3年和重茬3、4年;而重茬4年土壤的pH最高(P<0.05)。微生物群落分析表明,野生区土壤微生物群落Shannon指数、Simpson指数最高(P<0.05),其中,子囊菌门、被孢菌门、担子菌门(82.79%~89.48%)及变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门(50.86%~69.01%)为优势类群。主成分分析(PCA)表明,野生土壤真菌和细菌群落异质性较高,头茬4年群落与野生土壤高度重合。冗余分析(RDA)显示,SOC和NH4+-N显著影响真菌和细菌群落的组成和空间分布。Spearman相关性分析显示,伊贝母药用成分含量与土壤NO3--N、SOC、AP含量呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。在属水平上,野生土壤中聚集了更多与药用成分含量显著正相关的有益菌,其共现网络密度和平均邻居数显著高于栽培土壤。在重茬栽培条件下,伊贝母根际土壤中积累了更多的致病菌。本研究结果表明,生境、茬次和株龄通过土壤微生态协同影响伊贝母药用品质,建议通过施用有机肥、采用轮作制度,每隔4年更换种植地块以提升药用品质,以兼顾药用品质和经济效益。
The accumulation of compounds contributing to the medicinal quality of Fritillaria pallidiflora is influenced by the combined effects of soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structure within the soil microecological system. This study investigated the impact of soil microecological factors on the medicinal quality of F. pallidiflora by comparing the differences in contents of medicinal compounds between cultivated F. pallidiflora 3-year first-crop (NF3), 4-year first-crop (NF4), 3-year replant (NR3), 4-year replant (NR4) and wild F. pallidiflora. Results showed that among cultivated F. pallidiflora, the NF4 regime exhibited the highest medicinal quality, with significantly higher levels of bioactive compounds (total flavonoids, sipeimine, sipeimine-3β- D-glucoside, adenosine, and β-thymidine) compared to other cultivated treatments. However, for most bioactive compounds assayed, levels were significantly less in all cultivated treatments than in wild F. pallidiflora (P<0.05). Soil physicochemical analysis revealed that soils associated with wild plants had the highest contents of soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK). In NF4 soils, SOC, NO3--N, AP, AK, and electrical conductivity (EC) were significantly higher than in NF3, NR3, and NR4 soils, while NR4 soils had the highest pH (P<0.05). Microbial community analysis indicated that wild soils exhibited the highest Shannon and Simpson diversity indices (P<0.05), with dominant fungal phyla (Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, and Basidiomycota, accounting for 82.79%-89.48%) and bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria, accounting for 50.86%-69.01%). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed higher heterogeneity in fungal and bacterial communities of wild soils, with NF4 communities closely resembling those of wild soils. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that SOC and NH4+-N significantly influenced the composition and spatial distribution of fungal and bacterial communities. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that medicinal component contents showed significant positive correlations with SOC, NO3--N, and AP, but negative correlations with pH (P<0.05). At the genus level, wild soils harbored more beneficial bacteria positively correlated with medicinal components, with significantly higher co-occurrence network density and average neighbor degree than cultivated soils. Replanted soils (NR3, NR4) accumulated more pathogenic bacteria. These findings indicate that habitat, cropping sequence, and plant age synergistically influence F. pallidiflora medicinal quality through soil microecology. We recommend applying organic fertilizers, adopting crop rotation, and changing planting plots every 4 years to enhance medicinal quality while balancing quality and economic benefits.
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国家自然科学基金项目(32060374)
石河子大学人才启动项目(RCZK201952)
石河子大学基础研究项目(MSPY202413)
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