狼毒大戟扩散对呼伦贝尔草原植物群落演替及土壤理化性质的影响
刘瞳 , 苏日力格null , 姜娜 , 庞波 , 乌日力格null , 杨陶阳 , 张海芳 , 赵建宁 , 杨殿林
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (05) : 72 -84.
狼毒大戟扩散对呼伦贝尔草原植物群落演替及土壤理化性质的影响
Impacts of Euphorbia fischeriana invasion on plant community succession and soil physicochemical properties in Hulunbuir grassland
狼毒大戟是典型草原有毒植物,近年来在呼伦贝尔草原快速蔓延形成危害,然而其扩散机制及生态影响尚不明晰,本研究旨在通过生态位分析探讨狼毒大戟扩散对植物群落的重构机制,以及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明,随着狼毒大戟扩散程度的增加,草地植物群落中优势物种由胡枝子(优势度25.93%)替换为狼毒大戟(优势度18.90%),狼毒大戟重度危害区植物群落生物量相较于无危害对照区显著下降27%,群落间主要植物的生态位宽度呈明显收缩,群落主要植物间生态位重叠指数平均值由0.55上升至0.65,种间竞争加剧。另一方面狼毒大戟的种群扩散显著增加了土壤全氮、速效磷、铵态氮的含量,其含量相较对照区分别显著提升41.0%、29.8%、19.8%。土壤有机质含量呈先下降后上升趋势。研究结果表明,狼毒大戟通过“肥力岛”效应重构退化草地土壤养分含量,并提升了其与群落其他植物间的竞争优势,同时降低草地生产力。因此,控制狼毒大戟的扩散并促进本土植物恢复成为草地修复的关键。
The toxic plant Euphorbia fischeriana has spread rapidly in the Hulunbuir grassland in recent years, posing a significant ecological threat. However, its invasion mechanisms and ecological impacts remain unclear. This niche analysis study aimed to elucidate the restructuring mechanisms of plant communities and soil nutrient dynamics following E. fischeriana colonization. Results revealed that as the invasion intensity of E. fischeriana increased, the dominant species in the grassland community shifted from Lespedeza bicolor (dominance: 25.93%) to E. fischeriana (dominance: 18.90%). In severely invaded areas, plant community biomass decreased significantly by 27% compared to control plots. Concurrently, the niche breadth of major plant species contracted markedly, and the average niche overlap index among community plants increased from 0.55 to 0.65, indicating intensified interspecific competition. Furthermore, the population expansion of E. fischeriana resulted in significantly elevated soil nutrient levels. Total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and ammonium nitrogen contents increased by 41.0%, 29.8%, and 19.8%, respectively, relative to controls. Soil organic matter exhibited an initial decline followed by a gradual rise. These findings suggest that E. fischeriana restructures soil nutrient availability in degraded grasslands through a “fertility island effect”, that provides enhanced its competitive advantage over native plants while reducing grassland productivity. This dual impact of E. fischeriana threatens the sustainable development of local animal husbandry. In conclusion, controlling E. fischeriana proliferation and restoring native plant communities are critical for grassland rehabilitation. This study highlights the necessity of balancing invasive species management with soil nutrient regulation to mitigate ecological degradation.
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1304102)
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