有机肥和生物炭添加对亚热带人工草地土壤微生物碳、磷限制的缓解作用

刘畅 ,  陈积山 ,  朱瑞芬 ,  孙万斌 ,  姚博 ,  董世魁

草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (04) : 54 -66.

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草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (04) : 54 -66. DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025170
研究论文

有机肥和生物炭添加对亚热带人工草地土壤微生物碳、磷限制的缓解作用

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Mitigation of soil microbial carbon and phosphorus limitations through organic fertilizer and biochar inputs in subtropical cultivated grassland

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摘要

为了探究施肥对亚热带人工草地土壤酶活性以及酶化学计量特征的影响,通过施加有机肥和生物炭,探究土壤理化指标的变化以及对土壤酶活性及酶化学计量指标的影响,并通过土壤胞外酶活性计量特征来评估微生物养分限制。结果表明,施加有机肥和生物炭显著增加亚热带人工草地土壤有机碳、全氮含量和pH(P<0.05)。施加有机肥显著增加0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层β-葡萄糖苷酶活性(βG)36.18%、37.21%、59.30%(P<0.05),增加0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层β-1,4-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶活性(NAG)21.16%、17.25%、30.24%(P<0.05),生物炭显著增加各土层亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)和NAG活性(P<0.05)。亚热带人工草地土壤C∶N∶P获取酶的平均比例为1∶1.31∶1.72,偏离了1∶1∶1,表明微生物受磷限制。施肥后矢量长度、矢量夹角降低,说明施肥可以缓解碳、磷限制。研究结果为亚热带人工草地改良与管理提供理论依据,适当施加有机肥或生物炭,有助于亚热带人工草地的改善与恢复,以缓解碳、磷限制。

Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of fertilization on soil enzyme activities and soil enzyme stoichiometry in subtropical cultivated grassland. We conducted a field experiment in which organic fertilizer and biochar were applied to subtropical grassland. Then, changes in soil physicochemical properties were monitored and the impacts of these inputs on soil enzyme activities and enzyme stoichiometric indices were determined. Additionally, microbial nutrient limitations were assessed through determination of the stoichiometric characteristics of soil extracellular enzyme activities. The results show that the application of organic fertilizer and biochar to subtropical cultivated grassland significantly increased the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, as well as soil pH (P<0.05). The application of organic fertilizer significantly increased β-1,4-glucosidase activity in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm soil layers by 36.18%, 37.21%, and 59.30%, respectively (P<0.05). It also increased β-1,4-N-acetyl aminidinidase activity in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm soil layers by 21.16%, 17.25%, and 30.24%, respectively (P<0.05). Application of biochar significantly increased leuine ameptiase and β-1,4-N-acetyl aminidinidase activity in all three soil layers (P<0.05). The average ratio of C∶N∶P for enzyme acquisition in subtropical cultivated grassland soil was 1∶1.31∶1.72, deviating from 1∶1∶1, indicating that microorganisms in this area are phosphorus-limited. After fertilization, the vector length and vector angle decreased, suggesting that fertilization can alleviate carbon and phosphorus limitations in the soil of subtropical grassland. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the improvement and management of subtropical cultivated grassland. Our results show that the appropriate application of organic fertilizers or biochar can contribute to the enhancement and restoration of subtropical artificial grassland, thereby alleviating carbon and phosphorus limitation in soil.

Graphical abstract

关键词

土壤酶活性 / 土壤酶化学计量 / 养分限制 / 有机肥 / 生物炭

Key words

soil enzyme activity / soil enzyme stoichiometry / nutrient limitation / organic fertilizer / biochar

引用本文

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刘畅,陈积山,朱瑞芬,孙万斌,姚博,董世魁. 有机肥和生物炭添加对亚热带人工草地土壤微生物碳、磷限制的缓解作用[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(04): 54-66 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2025170

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草地是地球上分布最广的生态系统之一,在碳循环、生物多样性、调节气候等多种生态系统服务中发挥重要作用1。然而,由于气候变化和人类活动(如过度放牧)等因素导致草地退化,进而影响土壤肥力以及微生物群落结构和组成2。土壤酶活性是评价土壤微生物功能和土壤养分循环的重要指标3。土壤微生物通过其生长和新陈代谢活动,促进土壤有机物的分解与积累,并调节养分循环4,这些过程依赖于微生物的生物量和活性。微生物养分限制理论指出,微生物的生物量和活性往往受到碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)的限制5。C、N和P获取酶的活性通常被归类为C循环相关的酶:β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase, βG)、N循环相关的酶:β-1,4-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(β-1, 4-N-acetyl glucosidase, NAG)和亮氨酸氨基肽酶(leucine aminopeptidase, LAP)和P循环相关的酶:碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ACP)6-7。土壤中酶活性以及酶化学计量比反映土壤养分代谢和微生物能量的情况8。土壤微生物C、N和P的养分限制由土壤酶活矢量长度和矢量角度阐释9。酶活矢量长度反映了微生物C限制大小,矢量长度越短表明C利用效率越高。酶活矢量角度表示N、P限制,酶活矢量角度大于45°表示受P限制,而小于45°表示受氮限制9。Sinsabaugh等10发现,全球土壤酶C∶N∶P的化学计量比约为1∶1∶1,由于环境和生物因素的差异,该比例略有偏差11
研究发现,不同植被类型、放牧强度、施肥类型等因素影响土壤酶活性和微生物群落特征12,其原因是土壤湿度、pH、养分及有机质含量等多种因素影响所致13。Turner14的研究表明,在酸性土壤中,NAG和LAP活性受到抑制,这与土壤酸性环境对微生物群落的抑制作用密切相关。水分也是影响土壤酶活性的重要因素之一,土壤水分的变化直接影响土壤微生物的生长和代谢活性,从而改变酶的活性14-16。土壤有机碳和全氮是土壤微生物的重要碳源和氮源17,其含量的增加可以促进土壤微生物的生长和繁殖,进而提高土壤酶活性18
红池坝草地位于长江流域三峡库区腹地。作为三峡库区极佳的环境保护屏障,受到气候变化和人为干扰的影响而退化19。草地退化导致土壤质量下降、养分流失和生态功能退化20。在退化过程中,土壤酶活性是衡量土壤健康和微生物活性的重要指标,受多种非生物因素的影响21。施肥是简单易行、见效快的改良措施22,通过补充土壤养分,施肥能够显著调节土壤酶活性,进而影响土壤养分循环和微生物代谢23。前人研究表明,施加有机肥24和生物炭25是缓解微生物资源限制的有效手段。Li等26研究发现,有机肥能提高土壤酶的活性。Tian等27的研究表明,施加有机肥后可增加氮获取酶活性及碳磷和氮磷获取酶的比例。生物炭常通过减轻碳限制来控制土壤的微生物群落结构27,Wang等28研究发现生物炭通过影响土壤性质和调控细菌群落促进旱地土壤碳、氮、磷获取酶活性。但是,迄今为止生物炭和有机肥对亚热带草地土壤酶活性及酶化学计量的影响未见报道。鉴于此,本研究以亚热带人工草地为对象,通过施加有机肥和生物炭,分析不同施肥类型下土壤理化性质、碳氮磷循环相关酶的活性及其化学计量特征,阐明施肥对亚热带人工草地土壤微生物养分限制的缓解效应,探讨施肥对土壤酶活性以及化学计量的驱动机制,为亚热带退化人工草地恢复治理和土壤改良提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 研究区概况

研究区域位于重庆市巫溪县红池坝国家森林公园亚热带人工草地(108°51′-109°11′ E, 31°31′-31°40′ N, 海拔1800~2500 m),年平均气温为7.1 ℃,年降水量约为1953 mm,年蒸发量在1000~1200 mm,相对湿度为65%~88%,无霜期约为172 d,年平均日照时间约为1379 h。土壤类型为黄棕壤,土壤质地为沙质粉沙中壤和粘质沙中壤。该地区人工草地植物群落优势种为红三叶(Trifolium pratense)。

1.2 试验设计与样品采集

试验样地于2020年进行围封,2023年5月开展试验处理,人工施用有机肥(organic fertilizer, O)(购买于云阳县农高永利农业科技有限责任公司,总氮3.51%、总磷3.64%、总钾4.05%)和生物炭(biochar, B)(购买于宁夏平罗县锦晟活性炭有限公司,有机质68.1%、总磷0.86%、总钾2.63%)。采用随机区组设计(randomized block design),设立3个试验区组,小区面积10 m×9 m,共计9个小区(3个区组×3个处理)。对照(CK,不施肥)、添加有机肥(O,800 kg·hm-2·年-1)和添加生物炭(B,2%,其百分比为土壤表层20 cm土层中生物炭重与土壤干重的百分比)。每个小区之间间隔2 m的缓冲带。每个小区周围的地面上打入一块0.5 m宽的PVC板,表面露出8 cm,以避免不同处理之间的干扰。试验期间不进行除草和浇水。

2024年6月,在试验地点采集了土壤样本。每个小区随机选取5个点,使用土钻分别采集0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm的土芯(直径50 mm),然后轻轻混合,形成复合样本。每个处理3个重复,所有小区共计27份土壤样品。剔除根系、凋落物和石头,并用2 mm的筛网过筛。一部分样本储存在4 ℃冰箱中,测定土壤酶活性。另一部分样本风干后测量土壤理化性质。

1.3 指标测定

采用环刀法测定土壤容重29,采用pH计(pHS-3E,中国上海)测定土壤pH,依据《土壤农化分析》30测定总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(total phosphorus, TP)、铵态氮(soil ammonia nitrogen, NH4+-N)、硝态氮(soil nitrate nitrogen, NO3--N)含量,采用重铬酸钾外加热法测定有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)含量31

根据Steinweg等32的方法测定土壤胞外酶活性。参照Verchot等33的方法确定反应底物。

1.4 数据分析

土壤胞外酶化学计量比以C、N、P获取酶的比值计算1034

Enzyme C∶N=ln βGln  (NAG+LAP)
Enzyme C∶P=ln  βGln ACP
Enzyme N∶P=ln (NAG+LAP)ln ACP

式中:Enzyme C∶N表示土壤酶碳氮比;Enzyme C∶P表示土壤酶碳磷比;Enzyme N∶P表示土壤酶氮磷比;βG为β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase);NAG为β-1,4-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(β-1,4-N-acetyl glucosidase);LAP为亮氨酸氨基肽酶(leucine aminopeptidase);ACP为碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase)。

采用酶活性矢量分析[矢量长度(vector length, VL)和矢量角度(vector angle, VA)]评价微生物养分限制9

VL=sqrt(X2+Y2)
VA=Degress[atan 2(XY)]

式中:X为Enzyme C∶P,Y为Enzyme C∶N;VL表示微生物碳限制大小;VA>45°表示受磷限制,VA<45°表示受氮限制35

使用R 4.4.2(https://www.r-project.org/)进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA)并进行Tukey检验,采用Pearson进行相关性分析和逐步回归,利用R 4.4.2软件进行绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 施肥对亚热带人工草地土壤理化性质的影响

施肥后亚热带人工草地土壤理化性质存在差异(表1)。O和B处理增加了各土层含水量、pH、SOC、TN、TP、TK。O和B处理显著降低了各土层土壤容重(P<0.05)。在0~10 cm、20~30 cm土层中,O处理较CK显著增加NH4+-N含量(P<0.05),B处理显著增加0~10 cm土层NH4+-N含量(P<0.05)。B处理较CK显著增加各土层NO3--N含量,在0~10 cm、20~30 cm土层中,O处理显著降低了NO3--N含量(P<0.05)。O和B处理增加了各土层C∶N,但0~10 cm土层中O处理较CK差异不显著(P>0.05)。O处理显著降低了各土层C∶P、N∶P,B处理显著降低了0~10 cm、10~20 cm土层的N∶P(P<0.05)。

2.2 酶活性及其化学计量特征

O处理显著增加各土层βG活性(P<0.05,图1),0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm各土层较CK分别提高了36.18%、37.21%、59.30%,B处理仅在0~10 cm土层βG活性较CK显著高25.88%(P<0.05),与施加生物炭相比,施加有机肥能增加更多的βG活性。但施加有机肥和生物炭的LAP活性与βG活性的响应相反,B处理较O处理能增加更多的LAP活性(P<0.05)。O和B处理增加各土层NAG活性,其中在0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm土层中,O处理较CK分别显著提高NAG活性21.16%、17.25%、30.24%(P<0.05),仅在20~30 cm土层中,B处理较CK的NAG活性差异显著(P<0.05),与施加生物炭相比,施加有机肥能增加更多的NAG活性。在20~30 cm土层中,O处理较CK显著提高ACP活性8.82%(P<0.05),在0~10 cm、20~30 cm土层中,B处理较CK显著提高ACP活性60.64%、25.96%(P<0.05)。

O和B处理在各土层的酶C∶N均显著低于CK(P<0.05,图2),O和B处理在各土层的酶N∶P均显著高于CK(P<0.05),O处理显著增加各土层酶C∶P(P<0.05)。酶C∶P和酶N∶P小于1,而酶C∶N大于1。C、N、P获取酶的自然对数比值为1∶1.04∶1.47~1∶1.31∶1.79,偏离全球1∶1∶1的平均值,表明总体上存在P限制。O和B处理后土壤酶的矢量分析(矢量长度和矢量角度)存在差异(图3),说明土壤微生物养分的供应受到施肥处理较大影响。B处理显著降低各土层酶矢量长度(P<0.05),说明亚热带人工草地土壤微生物碳磷代谢得到缓解。所有处理的酶矢量角度均大于45°,说明亚热带人工草地土壤微生物受到磷限制,但施加O和B后,各土层酶矢量角度较CK均显著降低(P<0.05),表明施肥使微生物受磷限制得到缓解。养分限制特征内所有点均大于1∶1线(图3c),表明施加有机肥和生物炭,可以降低微生物的磷限制。此外,碳、氮、磷循环酶之间呈正相关(图4)。

2.3 土壤酶活性及其化学计量与土壤理化性质之间的关系

βG活性与SM、NH4+-N、TN、TP、SOC极显著正相关(P<0.01,图5),与C∶N显著正相关(P<0.05)。NAG活性与TP极显著正相关(P<0.01),与BD、N∶P显著负相关(P<0.05)。LAP活性与TN、SOC极显著正相关(P<0.01),与SM、TP、C∶N显著正相关(P<0.05)。ACP与NO3--N、TN、C∶N、SOC极显著正相关(P<0.01),与BD显著负相关(P<0.05)。酶C∶N与TK显著负相关(P<0.05)。酶C∶P与SM、pH、NH4+-N、TP极显著正相关(P<0.01),与N∶P极显著负相关(P<0.05)。酶N∶P与TK显著正相关(P<0.05),与N∶P显著负相关(P<0.05)。VL和VA均与TK呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。VA与N∶P显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上,SM、pH、NH4+-N、TP、TK、N∶P显著影响酶化学计量比。

通过冗余分析表明(图6),土壤理化性质对土壤酶活性的总解释率为85.40%,其中RDA1和RDA2的解释率分别为71.20%和14.20%。土壤理化性质对土壤酶化学计量比的总解释率为100%,其中RDA1和RDA2的解释率分别为57.48%和42.52%。

3 讨论

3.1 施肥对亚热带人工草地土壤理化性质的影响

本研究表明,施加有机肥和生物炭可以提高亚热带人工草地土壤含水量、pH,其原因可能是有机肥增强土壤团粒结构的同时,改善土壤透气性,从而提高土壤含水量36,有机肥中含有的碱性物质将土壤中的酸性物质中和,从而提高土壤pH37。较高的pH有利于铵态氮的稳定性,有机肥促进微生物活动,从而促进铵态氮的转化38,但由于有机肥中的高有机物含量,可能会促进一些抑制硝化作用的微生物的生长,从而降低硝化作用的速率,减少硝态氮的生成39。生物炭具有较大的比表面积和良好的孔隙结构40,从而减少水分的蒸发和流失,改善土壤团粒结构的同时增加孔隙度,使其具有更好的水气交换性,从而进一步增加土壤含水量。生物炭会中和土壤酸性成分,降低土壤酸性41。生物炭还促进了硝态氮的积累,生物炭的碱性环境和高孔隙度可能刺激硝化细菌的活性,促使土壤中的铵态氮转化为硝态氮,从而提高了土壤中的硝态氮含量42。Li等43通过施用生物炭修复退化草地的试验发现,施用生物炭可增加土壤含水量、全氮、有机碳含量,本研究结果与此类似。本研究还发现,施加生物炭比施加有机肥会增加更多的SOC、TN含量,这与前人研究的结论一致44。这可能是因为生物炭的高碳含量,具有较为坚固的分子结构和较低的生物降解速率45,生物炭具有高度稳定性和较强的吸附性能,通过吸附土壤中的有机物质和养分,减少其流失46,相比之下,亚热带人工草地高温高湿环境加速了有机肥的分解,使其对SOC的贡献进一步受限47,而生物炭由于其耐分解性,能够更稳定地提高土壤碳储量。另外,有研究发现生物炭可以增加土壤中与碳循环和氮循环相关的微生物的相对丰度,对土壤微生物群落的调控作用间接促进了SOC和TN的积累48

3.2 施肥对亚热带人工草地土壤酶活性及酶化学计量比的影响

土壤酶是土壤中的催化剂,参与土壤的物质循环和能量流动49,是反映土壤质量以及土壤中物质和能量代谢程度的重要生物指标50。Dominchin等51和Zhou等52研究发现生物炭和有机肥可提高土壤中碳的储存量和生物利用率,从而促进微生物的生长和与碳降解相关酶的合成。本研究施加有机肥和生物炭可以提高βG和NAG活性的结果与此一致(图1a、b)。其中。施加有机肥比施加生物炭提高βG和NAG活性的幅度大,这可能是因为有机肥中富含可供微生物分解的有机碳源53,可使分解复杂碳水化合物方面具有生理优势的真菌类群活性增强54。相比之下,生物炭虽然富含碳,但其结构较为稳定,导致微生物难以直接利用55。这种碳源的差异,使得有机肥处理下的微生物更倾向于快速代谢策略(r-策略)56,从而显著增加βG和NAG活性。研究发现,土壤LAP和ACP活性在施加有机肥和生物炭后呈上升趋势,这是由于施加生物炭后,增强了土壤氮、磷矿化的微生物群落的活性57。此外,生物炭稳定的碳源改善了土壤微生物的生境,增强了氮、磷矿化微生物的活性58,也与土壤中的养分发生相互作用,促进磷和氮的释放59。此时,生物炭的施用通过提供更稳定的有机碳和改善土壤微环境的方式,促进了与氮、磷矿化相关的微生物群落的活性60,从而使得施加生物炭的LAP和ACP活性增幅更大(图1c,d)。

3.3 施肥对亚热带人工草地土壤微生物养分限制的影响

本研究的eC∶N小于全球尺度的平均值1.41,eC∶P、eN∶P高于全球尺度的平均值0.62和0.4461,表示土壤养分处于氮限制和磷限制状态。在全球范围内,土壤碳氮磷获取酶的比例为1∶1∶1,这表明微生物在不同生态系统中维持C、N和P的平衡有一个广泛的模式61,这一比例因生态系统类型和环境的不同而变化。本研究中,施加有机肥后的碳氮磷获取酶的平均比例为1∶1.24∶1.49,施加生物炭后的碳氮磷获取酶的平均比例为1∶1.10∶1.47,偏离了1∶1∶1,表明C获取酶活性相对小于N和P获取酶活性,P获取酶活性相对大于C和N获取酶活性,微生物存在氮限制和磷限制。根据标准主轴回归分析中的斜率参数,其偏离1的程度可用于定量表征土壤养分的相对限制程度62。本研究结果显示,ln βG与ln AP的回归斜率为0.97,与1偏离程度大,这意味着土壤微生物群落的磷限制最为显著。磷是植物和微生物生长的限制性元素之一,而较高的eC∶P和eN∶P通常表明土壤微生物对磷的需求较为强烈,这可能是由于土壤中磷的有效性较低63。磷在许多亚热带土壤中常常因与铁、铝等金属形成难溶性化合物而处于不可利用状态64。尽管有机肥和生物炭的施用改善了土壤的碳和氮供应,但由于磷的生物可利用性较低,微生物和植物仍然受限于磷的供应,从而导致eC∶P和eN∶P上升,指示土壤处于磷限制状态。土壤酶化学矢量长度、矢量夹角是评估微生物养分限制的关键指标65。矢量长度表示微生物受到碳限制,矢量夹角大于45°表明微生物受磷限制9。本研究施肥后矢量长度、矢量夹角较CK降低,说明施肥可以缓解碳、磷限制。这与Cui等66的研究结论一致,即有机肥处理降低矢量长度、矢量夹角,缓解碳磷代谢失衡。有机肥促进微生物群落的生长与繁殖,增加土壤中的磷酸酶活性,从而加速了土壤中有机磷和无机磷的转化过程67。磷酸酶能将土壤中的有机磷转化为可被植物和微生物吸收的无机磷,有效地缓解了磷的限制68。有机肥改善土壤的物理化学性质,减少磷与土壤中的铝、铁、钙等元素的结合,降低磷的固定程度68。磷不容易被固定时,微生物和植物能够更容易地利用土壤中的磷,从而缓解磷限制。生物炭的应用减小了矢量长度、矢量夹角并减轻了微生物碳、磷限制69,因为生物炭给微生物提供额外的碳源70,以及生物炭的表面形成了相对稳定的土壤有机碳(SOC)复合物,在一定程度上保护了SOC的快速分解,使其能够继续缓慢释放碳源71。此外,生物炭促进了微生物群落组成,能够促进磷的矿化与转化、利用碳等营养物质,并提高了碳的周转率以及磷的可用性72

土壤pH、容重、全氮等理化性质会影响土壤酶活性72-74。本研究表明,βG活性与SM、NH4+-N、TN、TP、SOC、C∶N显著正相关,这与前人研究一致75,主要是因为含水量的增加可以增强微生物活性76,优化土壤结构77,导致土壤βG活性增加。Singh等78研究表明,SOC与βG活性呈正相关,SOC为微生物提供底物和碳源促进βG活性以及黄海莉等79研究发现βG活性与NH4+-N、TN、SOC正相关,NH₄⁺-N和TN作为氮源,促进微生物生长和酶的合成,进一步提高βG活性80。SOC和TN为提供丰富的酶作用底物34,使得SOC和TN与LAP和ACP的活性呈正相关。

4 结论

本研究发现,施加有机肥和生物炭显著增加亚热带人工草地土壤SOC、TN含量,增加土壤pH。施加有机肥显著增加各土层βG、NAG活性,施加生物炭显著增加各土层LAP、NAG活性。土壤TN是显著影响土壤酶活性的重要因子。亚热带人工草地土壤微生物受到碳和磷限制,施肥能缓解微生物碳和磷限制,其中与有机肥相比施加生物炭能缓解更多的碳限制。本研究结果可为亚热带人工草地改良或退化人工草地恢复提供科学依据。

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300805)

重庆市级财政资金-畜牧科技研究与推广项目(酸性土壤主要饲草PGPR菌筛选及促生性能比较)资助

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