草种及生物炭添加对东北苏打盐碱地改良及牧草生长的影响
Effects of grass species and biochar application rate on soda saline-alkali soil improvement and forage growth in northeast China
松嫩平原土壤面临盐碱化持续加剧的生态威胁。本研究拟构建秸秆生物炭添加(CK:0 t·hm-2、T1:20 t·hm-2、T2:40 t·hm-2)结合耐盐碱牧草(羊草、星星草)的人工草地建植体系,分析生物炭添加对于土壤理化性质、牧草生理及生产性能的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭第一年土壤pH、电导率未见显著变化;次年T1处理土壤pH和电导率降幅最大,且随着生物炭添加导致含水量、孔隙度持续升高,土壤容重持续下降。生物炭添加使羊草土壤钠离子(Na+)含量显著降低(P<0.05),而星星草土壤Na+含量仅在次年显著下降。土壤钙离子(Ca2+)含量在两年观测期内T1处理较CK处理均有所升高,第二年较为显著(羊草:0.91~1.60 mg·kg-1;星星草:0.91~1.08 mg·kg-1)。镁离子(Mg2+)含量在第一年T2处理星星草种植下降低35.2%(P<0.05),次年两种牧草T2处理土壤Mg2+含量均显著升高(羊草45.5%,星星草66.8%)。2种牧草土壤钠吸附比(SAR)和碱化度(ESP)总体呈现T1处理下显著降低,而T2处理下的变化趋势波动较大。土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)与硝态氮(NO3--N)含量均呈现第一年无显著变化,而第二年T1、T2处理的土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量较CK处理均显著升高,硝态氮(NO3--N)含量均有所升高。生物炭添加可以显著提升羊草的叶绿素含量(T1、T2处理分别提高10.3%和8.2%),降低脯氨酸(T1、T2处理分别降低18.7%和38.1%)和可溶性糖含量(T1、T2处理分别降低15.0%和26.7%)。在土壤-植物协同作用下,生物炭添加可显著提升羊草的饲草产量(T1、T2处理分别提高12.9%和18.3%),而对星星草的相关生理指标影响均不显著,仅在T2处理呈现饲草产量增产28.8%,表明添加较高的生物炭才能促进星星草的产量提升。此外对比分析牧草对土壤的改良效果发现,羊草对钠离子的消减程度较星星草更好。因此,在中度盐碱区优先采用生物炭-羊草协同人工草地建植模式,有利于修复退化草地和提升人工草地的饲草产量。
The Songnen Plain faces an escalating ecological threat due to persistent soil salinization. This study aimed to establish an artificial grassland system integrating straw biochar application (CK: 0 t·ha-1, T1: 20 t·ha-1, T2: 40 t·ha-1) with Leymus chinensis and Puccinellia tenuiflora, two forage grasses tolerant to salt-alkali soil. We analyzed the effects of biochar addition on soil physicochemical properties, grass physiology, and production performance. The results showed that soil pH and electrical conductivity did not significantly change in the first year following biochar application. However, in the second year, the soil pH and electrical conductivity showed the largest decreases in the T1 treatment, with increasing biochar application leading to sustained increases in water content and porosity and continuous decreases in soil bulk density. Biochar addition significantly reduced the sodium ion (Na+) content in soil in L. chinensis grassland (P<0.05), whereas the soil Na+ content in P. tenuiflora grassland only decreased in the second year. The calcium ion (Ca2+) content in soil was higher in the T1 treatment than in CK over the 2-year observation period, with the difference being more pronounced in the second year (L. chinensis: 0.91-1.60 mg·kg-1; P. tenuiflora: 0.91-1.08 mg·kg-1). The magnesium ion (Mg2+) content in soil decreased by 35.2% (P<0.05) under the T2 treatment in P. tenuiflora grassland in the first year, while in the second year, the soil Mg2+ content significantly increased under the T2 treatment in both grasslands (L. chinensis: 45.5%, P. tenuiflora: 66.8%). In both grasslands, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of the soil generally showed significant reductions under the T1 treatment, but showed greater fluctuations in the T2 treatment. The contents of soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in soil did not change significantly in the first year. However, in the second year, the ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) content in soil was signigicantly higher in the T1 and T2 treatments than in CK, and the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content in soil was also increased. Biochar application significantly enhanced the chlorophyll content in L. chinensis (T1: 10.3%, T2: 8.2%), but reduced the contents of proline (T1: 18.7%, T2: 38.1%) and soluble sugars (T1: 15.0%, T2: 26.7%). Under the synergistic soil-plant interaction in this grassland system, biochar addition significantly increased the forage yield of L. chinensis (T1: 12.9%, T2: 18.3%), but only the T2 treatment promoted the forage yield of P. tenuiflora (by 28.8%), indicating that a higher biochar application rate is required to increase P. tenuiflora yield. Comparative analysis of the effects of forage grasses to improve soil quality revealed that L. chinensis reduced the Na+ content more effectively than did P. tenuiflora. Therefore, priority should be given to the integrated biochar-L. chinensis artificial grassland system in moderately saline-alkali regions, because it facilitates the restoration of degraded grassland and enhances the forage yield.
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中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA28110303)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1500503)
吉林省现代农业产业技术体系建设示范项目(JLARS-2025-050301)
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