不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃内环境和血清指标的影响

赵晓强 ,  张月娇 ,  张丹丹 ,  曹凯宁 ,  张元庆

草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (04) : 211 -220.

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草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (04) : 211 -220. DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025286
研究论文

不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃内环境和血清指标的影响

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Effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on calf growth performance, ruminal internal environment and blood serum indices

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摘要

为探讨不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长发育的影响,以期为促进犊牛生长发育的研究提供理论基础,选用体重(41.21±4.99 kg)、日龄(16±6 d)相近的健康哺乳荷斯坦公犊牛30头,随机分成6组,每组5头。采用双因子试验设计,因子1为不同饲养方式(单栏饲养和群养),因子2为不同类型脂肪酸(玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯),试验组分为单栏饲养+基础饲粮(SCON)、单栏饲养+基础饲粮+补充玉米油20 mL·d-1 (SCO)、单栏饲养+基础饲粮+补充三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 (STB)、群养+基础饲粮 (GCON)、群养+基础饲粮+补充玉米油20 mL·d-1 (GCO)以及群养+基础饲粮+补充三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 (GTB)。试验期为59 d,其中预饲期14 d,正试期45 d。试验开始和结束时测定体重,计算日增重,试验期每天测定采食量,用于计算平均干物质采食量和料重比,试验结束时通过瘤胃导管采集瘤胃液测定瘤胃发酵指标以及瘤胃酶活,通过颈静脉采血测定血液指标。结果表明,饲养方式、脂肪酸类型对犊牛的干物质采食量和料重比影响显著(P<0.05),且在添加脂肪酸后均可显著提高犊牛干物质采食量(P<0.05)。饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对异戊酸、氨态氮浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05),相较于单栏饲养,群养饲喂三丁酸甘油酯后显著提高了异戊酸的浓度。饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性、血糖浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05),补饲玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯显著提高了犊牛瘤胃羧甲基纤维素酶活性(P<0.05)和犊牛血清中白蛋白浓度(P<0.05),单栏饲养时,添加三丁酸甘油酯可显著提高犊牛血清中血糖浓度(P<0.05)。综上,在本试验条件下,给犊牛补饲玉米油20 mL·d-1和三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 可提高犊牛采食量,改善瘤胃发育,并提高血清白蛋白水平,有助于促进犊牛生长发育。

Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different rearing systems and fatty acid types on calf growth and development, with a view to providing theoretical data to support further research. Thirty healthy Holstein male calves with similar body weight (41.21±4.99 kg) and age (16±6 d) were selected and randomly divided into six groups of five calves each. The experiment used a two-factor experimental design, with factor 1 being different rearing systems (single pen feeding and group feeding), and factor 2 being different types of fatty acids (long-chain fatty acids: corn oil and short-chain fatty acids: tributyrate), and the experimental groupings were as follows: single-pen feeding+basal ration (SCON), single-pen feeding+basal ration+supplemental corn oil 20 mL·d-1 (SCO), single-pen feeding+basal ration+supplemented with tributyrate 8 g·d-1 (STB), group feeding+basal ration (GCON), group feeding+basal ration+supplemented with corn oil 20 mL·d-1 (GCO), and group feeding+basal ration+supplemented with tributyrate 8 g·d-1 (GTB). The experimental period was 59 d, including a pre-feeding period of 14 d and a formal-feeding period of 45 d. Body weights were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment and daily weight gain was calculated. Feed intake was measured daily during the trial period and used to calculate the average dry matter intake and feed-to-weight ratio. At the end of the trial, rumen fluid was collected through a rumen catheter to measure rumen fermentation parameters and rumen enzyme activity, and blood was collected from the jugular vein to measure blood parameters. The results showed that the feeding mode and fatty acid type resulted in significant differences in dry matter intake and the feed-to-weight ratio of calves (P<0.05), especially in the treatment including addition of fatty acids (P<0.05). There was also a significant interaction observed between rearing system and fatty acid type with respect to isovalerate (IVA) and NH3-N concentrations (P<0.05). Compared with single pen rearing, group rearing with tributyrin supplementation significantly increased IVA concentration. A significant interaction between rearing system and fatty acid type was also observed for α-amylase activity, xylanase activity, and glucose (GLU) levels (P<0.05). Supplementation with corn oil and tributyrin significantly enhanced carboxymethyl cellulase activity in the rumen (P<0.05) and increased albumin (ALB) concentration in calf serum(P<0.05). Under single pen rearing conditions, the addition of tributyrin significantly elevated GLU concentration (P<0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of this trial, supplementing calves with 20 mL·d-1 of corn oil and 8 g·d-1 of tributyrin improved feed intake, enhanced rumen development, increased serum albumin levels, and thereby promoted calf growth and development.

关键词

犊牛 / 三丁酸甘油酯 / 玉米油 / 生长发育

Key words

calves / tributyrin / corn oil / growth and development

引用本文

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赵晓强,张月娇,张丹丹,曹凯宁,张元庆. 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃内环境和血清指标的影响[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(04): 211-220 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2025286

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反刍动物幼龄阶段的生长发育对其成年后的生产性能具有决定性影响,因此,促进幼龄反刍动物健康生长对畜牧业发展至关重要1。犊牛因胃肠道和免疫系统未发育完全、饲养管理不当等易导致发病率和病死率高,严重影响养殖效益。因此,优化犊牛培育策略具有重要现实意义。
近年来,许多学者尝试了多种策略以促进幼龄反刍动物生长,如通过提高初乳和固体饲料饲喂量调整饲喂策略2,补充益生菌3和脂肪酸4等添加剂,探索不同的饲养方式等。这些不同策略的实施,在促进幼龄反刍动物生长发育方面均展现出不同程度的效果。单栏饲养犊牛相较于群养,可减少犊牛因接触造成的疾病传播5,提高犊牛健康,改善生产性能。但是群养的犊牛适应性更强,开食料的采食量更高,犊牛应激较少6,在断奶期间和断奶后犊牛的生长情况更优7-9。脂肪酸可参与机体多种生理生化过程,对幼龄反刍动物的生长性能和健康状况可产生积极影响。通过脂肪酸促进动物胃肠道发育的研究表明,短链脂肪酸中以丁酸促进犊牛生长发育的效果最佳,丁酸(butyric acid,BA)又称为酪酸,常见的丁酸产品有丁酸钠、丁酸钙和三丁酸甘油酯(tributyrin,TB),已经有大量研究证明丁酸对提高犊牛日增重、改善瘤胃内环境、促进犊牛胃肠道发育、提高免疫力、降低腹泻率等有积极作用10-11。三丁酸甘油酯目前在单胃动物上的应用研究较多12,因其主要作用位点更多为后肠道,在犊牛上的应用研究仍处于探索阶段。长链脂肪酸中的亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)是反刍动物的必需脂肪酸,研究表明犊牛瘤胃发育完善至少需要3~4个月13,犊牛在瘤胃未发育之前,需从饲料中获得机体所需的必需脂肪酸,而当机体内必需脂肪酸缺乏时会明显增加犊牛的应激状态14-15。虽然已有学者证明单栏饲养与群养各有优势,且脂肪酸的添加会促进犊牛生长,但是针对三丁酸甘油酯和玉米油是否更有利于幼龄反刍动物的生长发育还有待探究,同时仍需明确科学依据为犊牛选择最优饲养模式。
为此,本试验基于不同饲养方式探讨脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能、瘤胃内环境、血清指标的影响,以期为幼龄反刍动物生长发育过程中脂肪酸类型的选择提供一定科学参考依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

试验于2020年8-10月在山西省畜牧兽医研究所试验牛场进行,选用体重(41.21±4.99 kg)、日龄(16±6 d)相近的健康哺乳期荷斯坦公犊牛30头,随机分成6组,每组5头。采用2(饲养方式:单栏 vs.群养)×3(脂肪酸类型:对照组 vs.玉米油 vs. 三丁酸甘油酯)双因素设计,试验分组为单栏饲养+基础饲粮(SCON)、单栏饲养+基础饲粮+补充玉米油20 mL·d-1(SCO)、单栏饲养+基础饲粮+补充三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 (STB)、群养+基础饲粮 (GCON)、群养+基础饲粮+补充玉米油20 mL·d-1 (GCO)以及群养+基础饲粮+补充三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1 (GTB)。断奶前将三丁酸甘油酯和玉米油加入犊牛奶粉中饲喂,断奶后加入开食料中饲喂。试验期59 d,其中预饲期14 d,正试期45 d。玉米油添加量以油脂添加量不高于干物质的3%计,三丁酸甘油酯的添加剂量为0.3%代乳粉16

1.2 饲养管理

犊牛代乳粉(张家口中博特生物技术有限公司)按照犊牛代乳粉∶热水=1∶7混匀,奶温降至39 ℃进行饲喂,日饲喂量为犊牛初生重的10%(08:00和17:00各一次)。犊牛开食料(北京大鹰农牧科技有限公司)和燕麦(Avena sativa)干草自由采食。当开食料日采食量达到1.25 kg·d-1时断奶。自由饮水,保持圈舍清洁。犊牛基础饲粮主要营养成分如表1所示。

1.3 样品采集及指标测定

1.3.1 生长性能测定

试验开始和结束晨饲前称重,记为初重(initial weight,IW)和末重(final weight,FW),计算平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG)。每日记录代乳粉和开食料投喂量及剩余量,计算干物质采食量(dry matter intake,DMI)及料重比(feed/gain,F/G)。

1.3.2 瘤胃液采集及发酵指标测定

试验结束晨饲前,经口腔插入瘤胃导管采集瘤胃液(弃去最初部分以避免唾液污染)。每头牛采集约100 mL,经4层纱布过滤混匀后分装3份,-80 ℃保存。挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid, VFA)采用气相色谱法(Aglient7890A,安捷伦科技有限公司)测定16,总挥发性脂肪酸(total volatile fatty acid, TVFA)为乙酸(acetic acid, AA)、丙酸(propionic acid, PA)、丁酸(butyric acid, BA)、异丁酸(isobutyric acid, IBA)、戊酸(valeric acid, VA)和异戊酸(isovaleric acid, IVA)之和。氨态氮(ammoniacal nitrogen, NH3-N)浓度采用苯酚-次氯酸钠比色法(紫外可见分光光度计T2602,上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司)测定17。瘤胃液酶活性参照Agarwal等18和Miller19的方法测定。

1.3.3 血液采集及血清指标测定

试验结束晨饲前,颈静脉采血后,离心分离血清,-80 ℃保存。测定指标包括总蛋白(total protein, TP)、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、球蛋白(globulin, GLB)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high-density lipoprotein, HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL)、血糖(glucose, GLU)、非酯化脂肪酸(non-esterified fatty acids, NEFA)、脂蛋白脂酶(pancreatic lipase, LPL)、生长激素(growth hormone, GH)、β-羟丁酸(β-hydroxybutyric acid, β-HB)、胰岛素(insulin,INS)、胰岛素生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(triiodothyronine, T3)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(thyroxine, T4),所有血清指标均由北京华英生物公司进行测定。

1.4 统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2016进行初步整理。采用SAS 9.2中混合模型进行双因素方差分析,采用Duncan法进行多重比较,P≥0.05时为差异不显著,当P<0.05时为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能的影响

饲养方式、脂肪酸类型及其交互效应对犊牛的IW、FW和ADG均无显著影响(P≥0.05,表2)。饲养方式、脂肪酸类型对犊牛的DMI影响显著(P<0.05),脂肪酸类型对犊牛的F/G有显著影响,且在两种饲养方式下,相较于仅饲喂基础日粮,添加脂肪酸后可显著提高犊牛DMI(P<0.05)。

2.2 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛瘤胃发酵的影响

饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对IVA、NH3-N浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05),相较于单栏饲养添加三丁酸甘油酯组,群养饲喂三丁酸甘油酯后显著提高了IVA的浓度(表3)。

2.3 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛瘤胃酶活性的影响

饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性存在显著影响(P<0.05,表4)。脂肪酸类型显著影响犊牛瘤胃羧甲基纤维素酶活性(P<0.05),而对犊牛的瘤胃蛋白酶、α-淀粉酶、纤维二糖酶和木聚糖酶活性均无显著影响(P≥0.05)。添加玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯后均显著提高了羧甲基纤维素酶的活性(P<0.05)。

2.4 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛血清指标的影响

饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对GLU浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05,表5)。脂肪酸类型显著影响了犊牛血清中ALB浓度(P<0.05)。单栏饲养时,添加三丁酸甘油酯显著提高了犊牛血清中 GLU浓度(P<0.05)。

2.5 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛激素指标的影响

饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对IGF-1、T4浓度存在显著影响(P<0.05,表6),STB、GTB和GCO组的 IGF-1均显著高于SCON和GCON(P<0.05),GTB组的T4浓度显著高于STB组(P<0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛生长性能的影响

犊牛的生长发育不仅受自身遗传的影响,还与生理应激、摄入营养、外界环境及牧场的管理水平等多因素相关。平均日增重和料重比是评价犊牛生长性能与饲料效率的关键指标。本研究发现,饲养方式与脂肪酸类型对平均日增重无显著影响,但补充玉米油或三丁酸甘油酯均使平均日增重和平均日采食量呈现增加趋势。玉米油作为高能物质可为犊牛提供长链脂肪酸,同时玉米油可提高犊牛饲粮的适口性20,从而提高犊牛的平均日采食量21,改善生长性能。三丁酸甘油酯无特殊气味,当进入瘤胃后少量降解、进入肠道后大量释放,通过增强肠道的屏障功能,抑制炎症反应,促进犊牛的胃肠道发育,使犊牛摄入的营养物质更好地消化吸收利用,从而促进犊牛采食和生长发育22。在奶牛上的应用结果也证明,三丁酸甘油酯可通过降低淋巴细胞反应来提高生产性能23。饲喂脂肪酸可以增加犊牛平均日采食量,这也间接证明饲喂脂肪酸可以刺激犊牛瘤胃发育及瘤胃中微生物的繁殖,使犊牛能更多地依赖饲料而不是单纯依赖奶。同时在本试验中群养犊牛的平均日采食量显著高于单栏饲养犊牛,但平均日增重却没有显著提高,可能群养的犊牛社交行为丰富,更容易找到食物而导致平均日采食量增加,但是群养的犊牛因饲养空间充足等致运动量大,导致能量消耗使得平均日增重下降6,且末重差异不显著,这也是群养组料重比数值高的原因。

3.2 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛瘤胃发酵指标的影响

反刍动物瘤胃的发育状况直接影响饲料消化、营养吸收与机体代谢。犊牛早期,随着日龄增长和平均日采食量增加,瘤胃功能逐步完善,微生物发酵产生的丙酸(糖异生前体)比例上升,乙酸/丙酸比值趋近成年水平。丙酸经肝脏转化为葡萄糖,为犊牛快速生长和器官发育供能24-25。通常认为添加油脂可能抑制纤维素消化,使乙酸/丙酸降低26,但在本试验中玉米油对犊牛乙酸/丙酸无显著影响。日粮中补饲玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯后,犊牛瘤胃内总挥发性脂肪酸浓度均高于不补饲组,其中产生的丁酸可为瘤胃上皮细胞提供足够的能量,促进犊牛的机体代谢等活动。这在一定程度上说明日粮补充脂肪酸有助于优化犊牛瘤胃发酵,促进生长发育,其机制可能与脂肪酸刺激特定瘤胃微生物(尤其是产挥发性脂肪酸菌)的生长与代谢有关。这与Li等27的结果一致,补充三丁酸甘油酯可以增强普雷沃氏菌的数量,这种细菌是瘤胃中最常见的细菌之一,能够产生乙酸、琥珀酸和丙酸。饲养方式和脂肪酸类型的交互作用对瘤胃异戊酸浓度有显著影响,同时饲喂三丁酸甘油酯,群养组的瘤胃异戊酸浓度显著高于单栏组,瘤胃中的支链脂肪酸(异丁酸和异戊酸)来源于瘤胃微生物对支链氨基酸的脱氨基作用,较高水平的异戊酸有助于提升反刍动物的生长性能28

补饲玉米油和三丁酸甘油酯后,犊牛瘤胃液中的氨态氮浓度均高于不补饲组,添加玉米油后降低了胃部食糜的排空速度,提高了含氮物质的消化率,李胜利29的研究表明添加4%玉米油提高了采食4和12 h后绵羊瘤胃内容物的氨态氮浓度,Jolazadeh等30在饲粮中添加玉米油,提高了总挥发性脂肪酸和丙酸的浓度,降低了氨态氮的浓度,说明玉米油对瘤胃发酵的影响因添加剂量和添加方式的不同而不同31,而三丁酸甘油酯则可能通过提高瘤胃对饲粮中蛋白质的消化吸收而导致瘤胃氨态氮的升高32

3.3 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛瘤胃酶活性的影响

犊牛消化酶主要由瘤胃微生物分泌,其数量与活性决定了酶活力水平33。因此,木聚糖酶和纤维素酶活性反映了半纤维素和纤维素分解菌状况,淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性则与淀粉和蛋白质分解菌相关34-35。Li等27表明日粮添加三丁酸甘油酯可上调瘤胃中BPIFA1 mRNA的相对表达量,瘤胃BPIFA1 mRNA相对表达量与普雷沃菌属、丁酸弧菌属、链球菌属及纤维杆菌属的相对丰度显著相关,BPIFA1蛋白是促进纤维分解菌等特定瘤胃微生物定殖的重要分子调节因子。本研究发现,添加玉米油或三丁酸甘油酯显著提升了羧甲基纤维素酶活性,但对纤维二糖酶和木聚糖酶活性无显著作用。这表明两者不仅不抑制纤维素酶活性,反而可能通过特定机制(如促进相关微生物生长)增强其功能。这与Ren等36在成年小尾寒羊的饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯可促进瘤胃微生物的生长及其代谢产物的积累,从而提高纤维分解酶(如木聚糖酶、羧甲基纤维素酶)的活性,并提高饲料营养物质利用率的结论一致。此外,也有研究表明,三丁酸甘油酯提高纤维素酶活性的作用可能与其促进丁酸产生菌的生长有关37。本研究中瘤胃发酵指标丁酸浓度增加的变化趋势也从另外角度证明脂肪酸促进了丁酸产生菌的生长。但是本研究不足之处是缺少对瘤胃微生物和营养消化率的研究,未来的研究需进一步研究脂肪酸对反刍动物瘤胃微生物以及肠道健康的影响。

3.4 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛血清指标的影响

血清指标反映动物机体营养物质的代谢和健康状况。本研究补饲玉米油、三丁酸甘油酯后对犊牛的总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、血糖、非酯化脂肪酸、β-羟丁酸、胰蛋白脂酶均无显著影响,这与Liu等38和Dell'Anno等39的研究结果一致,说明脂肪酸的添加在可控范围内,未对犊牛健康、机体代谢产生不利的影响。血清白蛋白作为营养载体,主要由肝脏合成。有研究指出,饲喂富含多不饱和脂肪酸的日粮可上调犊牛肝脏蛋白质合成相关基因表达,提升血清白蛋白水平40-41,本研究添加脂肪酸后可升高犊牛血清白蛋白浓度,且三丁酸甘油酯影响显著,可能三丁酸甘油酯对肝功能有益,利于蛋白质的代谢。饲养方式和脂肪酸类型对血糖浓度的影响存在交互作用,单栏饲养时,添加三丁酸甘油酯可显著提高血糖浓度。分析原因可能是丁酸促进胃肠道上皮细胞的生长和发育,使犊牛能够高效吸收发酵产生的丙酸,进而导致糖异生作用显著增强,最终合成并释放到血液中的葡萄糖量也随之大幅增加。

3.5 不同饲养方式及脂肪酸类型对犊牛激素指标的影响

机体激素和生长因子共同调控犊牛生长发育。胰岛素生长因子-1是生长激素发挥生理作用必需的多肽因子,具有促进细胞增殖、增强免疫、促进胃肠道发育等功能41,胰岛素生长因子受生长激素水平限制,会负反馈调节生长激素的水平,形成生长激素-胰岛素生长因子调节轴,调控机体生长发育。Liu等38研究也表明,丁酸盐未对血液生长激素产生显著影响。本研究中添加脂肪酸后犊牛血清中生长激素浓度低于对照组,血清胰岛素生长因子-1的浓度高于对照组,脂肪酸可能通过调控生长激素-胰岛素生长因子轴来促进犊牛的生长发育。丁酸同时调节胰高血糖素样肽-2和胰岛素生长因子-1共同分泌促进胃肠道上皮的发育,代乳品中添加三丁酸甘油酯后提高了血液中胰岛素生长因子-1的浓度42。另外,本研究中群养组添加三丁酸甘油酯可较单栏饲养组显著提高血液中T4浓度。四碘甲状腺原氨酸由甲状腺分泌,可通过调节脂质和蛋白质代谢来维持能量平衡24,说明群养组添加三丁酸甘油酯后更能促进机体的代谢。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,给犊牛补饲玉米油20 mL·d-1和三丁酸甘油酯8 g·d-1可提高犊牛采食量,改善瘤胃发育,并提高血清白蛋白水平,有助于促进犊牛生长发育。

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基金资助

山西省现代农业产业技术体系牛体系项目(2025CYJSTX13)

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