绿肥对我国农田增产节氮效应的整合分析
A meta-analysis of the effects of green manure on yield increase and chemical nitrogen fertilizer saving in Chinese farmlands
为量化绿肥对我国作物产量的总体影响,明确不同绿肥与氮肥配合方式的产量效应差异及主要影响因素,准确评估我国农田绿肥还田的增产节氮潜力,为合理利用绿肥实现农田减肥增效提供科学依据。以无绿肥为对照,以绿肥为处理,系统收集了2000-2024年7月公开发表的文献238篇,建立了含有2528组对比数据的数据库,采用整合分析方法定量绿肥对作物产量的影响及影响因素,采用随机森林预测模型分析绿肥对产量效应影响的主控因素,采用线性回归方法分析绿肥替代氮肥比例与产量效应的关系。结果表明:我国农田绿肥平均增加作物产量4.68%。其中,绿肥配合氮肥平均增产8.86%。绿肥配合氮肥在不同主作物管理、绿肥种植和利用方式下均表现增产,但增产幅度(5.32%~17.03%)有所变化;随机森林分析表明,绿肥施用年限、氮肥施用量和绿肥种类是主要影响因素,在长期施用、主作物氮肥用量较低、绿肥混合播种条件下增产效应最高。绿肥替代氮肥总体无显著增产效应,绿肥替代氮肥在不同主作物管理、绿肥种植和利用方式下产量效应在-20.53%~13.26%,随机森林分析发现绿肥替代比例和作物种类是影响绿肥替代氮肥产量效应的主要影响因素,在低替代比例下,小麦或单季稻种植条件下增产效应最高。绿肥替代氮肥产量效应与替代比例呈显著负相关,替代比例临界值为40.5%时能够实现增产与节肥的协同效应。不同作物节氮阈值有所差异,依次为单季稻(54.8%)、小麦(43.8%)、早稻(39.9%)、晚稻(34.7%)和玉米(21.5%)。不同替代比例的产量效应随年限变化表现不同,替代比例为0~40%时具有长期增产节氮效应,替代比例为40%~60%可实现长期节氮同时增产或稳产,而替代比例高于60%在一定时期内作物减产,长期可能实现平产或不减产。我国农田绿肥具有显著增产节氮潜力,但合理发挥绿肥增产节氮效应需要综合考虑主作物管理、绿肥种植和绿肥施用等因素的优化组合。研究为准确评估绿肥应用的作物产量效应提供了量化证据,同时为合理发挥绿肥的增产节肥效应提供了理论依据和技术参考。
This study aims to quantify the overall effect of green manure incorporation on crop yields in China, clarify the yield response differences under various green manure and nitrogen fertilizer combination regimes, and identify the main factors influencing responses. The results provide a scientific basis for accurately evaluating the potential of green manure to increase yield and reduce nitrogen fertilizer application in Chinese farmland, as well as for optimizing green manure utilization to achieve synergistic benefits of yield enhancement and chemical fertilizer reduction. Using fields without green manure as the control and green manure incorporation as the treatment, we collected 238 publicly published studies from 2000 to July 2024 and established a database containing 2528 paired observations. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the effects of green manure on crop yield and identify factors influencing responses. The Random Forest model was employed to analyze the dominant factors controlling the yield response to green manure, while linear regression was applied to examine the relationship between the substitution ratio of chemical nitrogen fertilizer by green manure and the corresponding yield effect. On average, green manure incorporation increased crop yield by 4.68% in Chinese farmland. Specifically, the combination of green manure with nitrogen fertilizer significantly enhanced this effect, yielding an average increase of 8.86%. While this integrated approach consistently demonstrated yield benefits across various main crop management practices and green manure cultivation/utilization methods, the magnitude of improvement varied within a range of 5.32% to 17.03%. Random Forest analysis identified duration of green manure application, nitrogen fertilizer application rate, and green manure species as the dominant factors influencing responses. The highest yield gains were observed under conditions of long-term green manure use, lower nitrogen fertilizer inputs for main crops, and mixed sowing of green manure species. In contrast, substituting nitrogen fertilizer solely with green manure did not exhibit a significant overall yield effect. The yield response under substitution strategies varied widely (-20.53% to 13.26%) across different crop management and green manure practices. Random Forest modeling revealed that the substitution ratio and crop type were the primary factors determining the yield effect. The most positive yield outcomes occurred under low substitution ratios and in cropping systems dominated by wheat or single-season rice. There is a significant negative correlation between the yield effect of green manure substituting chemical nitrogen fertilizer and the substitution ratio. A synergistic effect of yield increase and fertilizer saving can be achieved when the critical substitution ratio reaches 40.5%. The nitrogen reduction thresholds varied across crops, in the following order: single-season rice (54.8%), wheat (43.8%), early rice (39.9%), late rice (34.7%), maize (21.5%). The yield effects under different substitution ratios exhibited distinct temporal patterns: At 0-40% substitution: Sustained long-term yield increase and nitrogen reduction; At 40%-60% substitution: Achieved long-term nitrogen reduction while maintaining yield stability or moderate increase; Above 60% substitution: Resulted in short-term yield reduction with potential transition to yield stabilization without reduction over extended periods. Green manure incorporation demonstrates significant potential for simultaneously increasing crop yields and reducing nitrogen fertilizer use in Chinese agricultural systems. However, optimizing these benefits requires integrated management strategies that consider interactions among main crop management practices, green manure cultivation methods, and utilization techniques. This study provides quantitative evidence for accurately predicting yield responses to green manure application while offering a theoretical framework and technical guidance for maximizing the green manure dual benefits of yield enhancement and fertilizer reduction.
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中国农业科学院科技创新工程(GY2023-12)
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