青贮前后水稻秸秆非结构性碳水化合物的变化及添加剂对发酵和微生物群落结构的影响
田吉鹏 , 王欣 , Mudasir Nazar , 刘蓓一 , 王思然 , 丁成龙 , 程云辉 , 李捷
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (06) : 131 -144.
青贮前后水稻秸秆非结构性碳水化合物的变化及添加剂对发酵和微生物群落结构的影响
Changes in non-structural carbohydrates of rice straw between before and after ensiling and additive effects on ensilage fermentation and microbial community structure
为研究水稻秸秆青贮前后非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)组分的变化及不同添加剂对于水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质、营养品质、细菌和真菌多样性、霉菌和霉菌毒素污染情况的影响,设置对照组(CK),乳酸菌组(HLAB,植物乳杆菌和副干酪乳杆菌复合添加)、丙酸钙组(PACA)和复合添加组(HLAB_PACA),每个处理3个重复,其中乳酸菌和丙酸钙的添加量分别为鲜草的5×105 CFU·g-1和4 g·kg-1。在经过90 d的发酵后,水稻秸秆NSC中的葡萄糖、果糖和淀粉均显著下降(P<0.05)。添加剂的使用能够部分提升残余葡萄糖含量(P<0.05)。HLAB、PACA以及HLAB_PACA显著降低了水稻秸秆青贮饲料的pH、乙酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量(P<0.05),提升了乳酸含量(P<0.05),显著降低了水稻秸秆中的NDF和ADF含量(P<0.05)。丙酸钙(PACA和HLAB_PACA)的使用提升了水稻秸秆细菌群落的Ace指数和Chao1指数(P<0.05),乳酸菌的添加(HLAB和HLAB_PACA)将乳杆菌科由自然发酵的联合乳杆菌属、乳植杆菌属和乳酪杆菌属的8种ZOTU转变成以乳酪杆菌属的ZOTU1和ZOTU318为主的细菌群落。所有添加剂的使用都降低了梭菌属的相对丰度。HLAB_PACA与HLAB和PACA相比真菌群落的香农指数显著降低而辛普森指数显著上升(P<0.05)。所有添加剂的使用增加了曲霉科真菌的相对丰度并且增加了霉菌数量(P<0.05),但是黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮等霉菌毒素含量极低且并没有随着添加剂的使用而明显增加。因此,乳酸菌及丙酸钙添加剂的使用对于改善水稻秸秆青贮饲料NSC结构、发酵品质和微生物群落结构具有重要作用,这为水稻秸秆青贮生产实践提供了理论支撑。
Modern breeding techniques have developed rice varieties with straw rich in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), including glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch. However, in the high temperature and humidity conditions of southern China, such straw decomposes rapidly, leading to significant loss of available sugars. Ensiling offers a solution by converting NSC into organic acids. Nevertheless, direct ensiling of rice straw proves ineffective due to dominant Clostridium fermentation. This experiment investigated the changes in NSC of rice straw between before and after ensiling and evaluated the impacts of additives on fermentation quality, nutritive value, microbial community composition and mycotoxin load after 90 d of ensiling. Four treatments were used in this experiment: 1) Control group (CK); 2) Lactic acid bacteria inoculants mixed with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (HLAB); 3) Calcium propionate (PACA); 4) Mixture of two additives (HLAB_PACA). Three replicates per treatment. The addition rates of HLAB and PACA groups were 5×105 CFU·g-1 and 4 g·kg-1 of fresh materials, respectively. After 90 days of fermentation, all groups exhibited significant reductions in glucose, fructose, and starch (P<0.05). HLAB, PACA and HLAB_PACA groups preserved higher (P<0.05) residual glucose levels than the control group. These three additive groups also had significantly lowered pH, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ammonia nitrogen (P<0.05), with increased lactic acid production (P<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents were notably decreased by additives (P<0.05). PACA and HLAB_PACA groups had increased bacterial community diversity as measured by Ace and Chao1 indices (P<0.05). The HLAB and HLAB_PACA groups comprised natural fermentative lactic acid bacteria, initially composed of 8 zero-radius operational taxonomic units (ZOTU) belonging to Ligilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus, which evolved into a Lacticaseibacillus-dominant bacterial community (ZOTU1/ZOTU318). All additives suppressed the relative abundance of Clostridium. Fungal diversity metrics showed elevated Simpson and reduced Shannon indices (P<0.05) in HLAB_PACA group versus HLAB and PACA groups. Although the use of additives significantly increased the relative abundance of Aspergillaceae and total mould counts (P<0.05) compared to the CK, it did not cause a significant increase in mycotoxin levels, such as aflatoxin and zearalenone, which remained extremely low. Therefore, the use of lactic acid bacteria and calcium propionate additives plays an important role in improving the NSC structure, fermentation quality, and microbial community structure of rice straw silage. These data provide scientific information relevant to the efficient production of rice straw silage.
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江苏省自然基金青年基金(BK20220747)
国家自然科学基金青年基金(32201479)
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