苜蓿皂苷发酵和超声提取工艺条件优化研究
李武 , 李佳静 , 李洁冰 , 李振舟 , 郭明 , 牛岩 , 孙浩 , 李德锋 , 史莹华 , 李振田 , 刘伯帅 , 崔亚垒 , 王志昌 , 李永涛 , 朱晓艳
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (07) : 201 -216.
苜蓿皂苷发酵和超声提取工艺条件优化研究
Optimization of fermentation and ultrasound-assisted extraction parameters for alfalfa saponins
旨在优化苜蓿皂苷的发酵和超声提取工艺。选用酿酒酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌和干酪乳杆菌为发酵菌株,在单因素试验中比较3种单菌及1∶1∶1复合菌的发酵效果,系统分析发酵时间(24、48、72、96 h)、葡萄糖添加量(0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20 g)、发酵料液比[1∶0.8、1∶1.2、1∶1.6、1∶2.0 (g∶mL)]和菌液添加量(0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10 mL)对皂苷得率的影响,并评估菌型与发酵参数的交互作用,每个处理设3个独立重复。基于结果筛选出最优菌型及关键发酵参数,采用Box-Behnken响应面法优化发酵工艺,并通过3次独立验证试验评估模型的拟合度与可重复性。进一步以最优发酵产物为原料,考察超声时间(45、60、75、90 min)、超声料液比(1∶10、1∶20、1∶30、1∶40)和超声温度(25、37、49、61 ℃)对皂苷得率的影响,分析超声参数与菌型的交互效应,建立响应面模型并优化提取工艺。结果表明:3种菌1∶1∶1组合发酵效果优于单菌发酵(P<0.05),最优发酵条件为料液比1∶1.27、发酵时间50.3 h、菌添加量0.062 mL,皂苷得率为11.68%;在发酵联合超声条件(料液比1∶23.1、超声时间72.7 min、超声温度47.3 ℃)下,皂苷得率提升至13.87%,较对照组提高98.4%(P<0.05)。本研究构建了高效、绿色的发酵-超声协同提取工艺,为苜蓿皂苷的高效提取与后续高值化开发提供了技术支持。
This study aimed to optimize the fermentation and ultrasound-assisted extraction processes for alfalfa (Medicago sativa) saponins. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus casei were selected as fermentation strains for testing. Single-factor experiments were conducted to compare three single strains and their 1∶1∶1 mixed culture fermentation, and to systematically evaluate the influence of fermentation time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), glucose addition (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 g per g of alfalfa powder), fermentation solid-to-liquid ratio [1∶0.8, 1∶1.2, 1∶1.6, and 1∶2.0 (g∶mL)], and strain inoculum volume (0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.10 mL) on the saponin yield. The interactions between strain type and fermentation parameters were also assessed, with three independent replicates for each treatment. Based on the results, the optimal strain type combination and key fermentation parameters were determined, and a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was applied to further optimize the fermentation conditions. Model fit and reproducibility were evaluated through three independent validation experiments. Furthermore, using the optimal fermented product as the raw material, the effects of ultrasonication time (45, 60, 75, and 90 min), ultrasonication solid-to-liquid ratio (1∶10, 1∶20, 1∶30, and 1∶40), and ultrasonication temperature (25, 37, 49, and 61 ℃) on saponin yield were investigated. The interactions between ultrasonication parameters and strain type were analyzed, and BBD was employed to optimize the extraction process. The results showed that the 1∶1∶1 mixed-culture fermentation achieved a significantly higher saponin yield than single-strain fermentation (P<0.05). The optimal fermentation conditions were a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶1.27, a fermentation time of 50.3 hours, and a strain inoculation volume of 0.062 mL. Under this regime the saponin yield was 11.68%. Under the combined fermentation and ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions (solid-to-liquid ratio 1∶23.1, ultrasonication time 72.7 min, and temperature 47.3 ℃), the saponin yield increased to 13.87%, which was 98.4% higher than that of the control (P<0.05). This study developed an efficient and eco-friendly fermentation-ultrasound synergistic extraction process, providing technical support for the efficient extraction and subsequent high-value utilization of alfalfa saponins.
| [1] |
Zhu X Y, Chen W X, Li M Y, et al. Comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional value and contaminants of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in China. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2025, 12: 1539462. |
| [2] |
Ma J X, Huangfu W, Yang X, et al. “King of the forage”-alfalfa supplementation improves growth, reproductive performance, health condition and meat quality of pigs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022, 9: 1025942. |
| [3] |
Zhang L. Study on the extraction, separation and purification of saponins from Xinjiang Medicago sativa L. Urumqi: Xinjiang University, 2009. |
| [4] |
张亮. 新疆紫花苜蓿皂苷的提取、分离及纯化工艺研究. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆大学, 2009. |
| [5] |
Cui Y L, Li F, Zhu X Y, et al. Alfalfa saponins inhibit oxidative stress-induced cell apoptosis through the MAPK signaling pathway. Redox Report: Communications in Free Radical Research, 2022, 27(1): 1-8. |
| [6] |
Zhang Y, Ma S, Li S R, et al. Effects of alfalfa saponin extract on immunity, antioxidant capacity and rumen micro flora of weaned Hu sheep. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 51(7): 2799-2809. |
| [7] |
张艳, 马森, 栗守仁, 苜蓿皂苷提取物对断奶湖羊免疫、抗氧化能力和瘤胃微生物区系的影响. 中国畜牧兽医, 2024, 51(7): 2799-2809. |
| [8] |
Wang C Z, Wang Y H, Shi Y H, et al. Effects of alfalfa saponins on the lipid metabolism, antioxidation and immunity of weaned piglets. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(4): 210-218. |
| [9] |
王成章, 王彦华, 史莹华, 苜蓿皂苷对断奶仔猪脂质代谢、抗氧化和免疫的影响. 草业学报, 2011, 20(4): 210-218. |
| [10] |
Yang F, Yang F, Zhai Z H, et al. Effects of alfalfa saponins on the production performance, serum biochemical factors, and immune factors in Small-Tailed Han sheep. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2022, 9: 924373. |
| [11] |
Li W Y, Liu X L, Hu M Y, et al. Effects of alfalfa saponins added to diet on production performance, antioxidant and immune performance of broiler chickens. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2024, 60(11): 320-325. |
| [12] |
李文远, 刘旭乐, 胡明扬, 日粮中添加苜蓿皂苷对肉仔鸡生产性能、抗氧化及免疫性能的影响. 中国畜牧杂志, 2024, 60(11): 320-325. |
| [13] |
Fan W N, Zhang X L, Shi P F, et al. Effects of dietary alfalfa saponins on laying performance, egg cholesterol concentration, and ATP-binding cassette transporters G5 and G8 expression in laying hens. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 2018, 46(1): 1051-1058. |
| [14] |
Fan W N, Yang Y X, Shi Y Q, et al. Effects of dietary alfalfa saponin on digestive physiology in weaned piglets. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 2024, 58(3): 388-394. |
| [15] |
Krakowska-sieprawska A, Rafińska K, Walczak-skierska J, et al. Comparison of various extraction techniques of Medicago sativa: yield, antioxidant activity, and content of phytochemical constituents. Journal of AOAC International, 2017, 100(6): 1681-1693. |
| [16] |
Li B, Wei G P. Extraction process of alfalfa saponins with ultrasound. Food Science and Technology, 2012, 37(4): 187-189. |
| [17] |
李波, 魏广培. 超声波提取苜蓿总皂苷优化工艺的研究. 食品科技, 2012, 37(4): 187-189. |
| [18] |
Hadidi M, Ibarz A, Pagan J. Optimisation and kinetic study of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of total saponins from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and its bioaccessibility using the response surface methodology. Food Chemistry, 2020, 309: 125786. |
| [19] |
Wu Y P, Cui Y H, Zhu Y P, et al. Fermentation of Chinese herbal drugs by microorganism and its application to replacing antibiotics in breeding industry. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2024, 56(5): 146-151. |
| [20] |
吴玉苹, 崔艳红, 朱艳平, 微生物发酵中草药及其在养殖业中替抗应用. 畜牧与兽医, 2024, 56(5): 146-151. |
| [21] |
Ma X W, Xiao H B, Yang X, et al. Effects of fermented compound Chinese herbs on serum biochemical, antioxidant and reproductive hormone indices of dairy cows in late pregnancy. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(4): 2434-2444. |
| [22] |
马晓婉, 肖红波, 杨晓, 益生菌发酵复方中草药对妊娠后期奶牛血清生化、抗氧化和生殖激素指标的影响. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(4): 2434-2444. |
| [23] |
Wang C X, Wang Y X, Teng Y D, et al. Win-win cooperation between plant substrates and probiotics: Revealing biotransformation and bioactive metabolites in Elaeagnus moorcroftii Wall. ex Schlecht fermented by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei YL-29. Food Science and Technology, 2024, 204: 116442. |
| [24] |
You X Y, Li Y C, Bu Q Y, et al. Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rd by fermentation of ginseng rhizome by Bacillus subtilis LM 4-2. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(11): 38-47. |
| [25] |
尤晓颜, 李亚春, 布青云, 枯草芽孢杆菌LM 4-2发酵人参芦头生物转化人参皂苷Rd的研究. 食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(11): 38-47. |
| [26] |
Tang W T, Tang T, Shen X M, et al. Research progress in fermentation technology of Bacillus subtilis. Contemporary Chemical Industry, 2024, 53(8): 1952-1958. |
| [27] |
汤维涛, 唐堂, 沈雪梅, 枯草芽孢杆菌发酵工艺研究进展. 当代化工, 2024, 53(8): 1952-1958. |
| [28] |
Li W Y, Zhu Q, Chen B, et al. Effects of different enzyme-microbe combinations on silage quality of Pennisetum giganteum. Feed Research, 2025, 48(14): 125-130. |
| [29] |
李文优, 朱芹, 陈斌, 添加不同复合菌酶对巨菌草青贮品质的影响. 饲料研究, 2025, 48(14): 125-130. |
| [30] |
Luo J Y, Lu J, Gao B, et al. Comprehensive in silico analysis of the probiotics, and preparation of compound probiotics-Polygonatum sibiricum saponin with hypoglycemic properties. Food Chemistry, 2023, 404: 134569. |
| [31] |
Su M, Piao C H, Liang D C, et al. Screening and identification of β-glucosidase-producing yeast and its application in the bioconversion of ginsenoside Rg3. Food Science, 2018, 39(14): 172-178. |
| [32] |
苏敏, 朴春红, 梁德春, 产β-葡萄糖苷酶酵母菌的分离鉴定及其在人参皂苷Rg3转化中的应用. 食品科学, 2018, 39(14): 172-178. |
| [33] |
Chen Z Y. Study on optimization of rare ginsenoside CK produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Kunming: Yunnan University, 2021. |
| [34] |
陈志毅. 酿酒酵母产稀有人参皂苷CK的优化研究.昆明: 云南大学, 2021. |
| [35] |
Wang J D T, Xu X, Zou X Q, et al. Effect of ultrasound assisted H2O2 degradation on longan polysaccharide: degradation kinetics, physicochemical properties and prebiotic activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 282(3): 136902. |
| [36] |
Fu Z F, Wang H B, Deng Z Y, et al. Optimization of ultrasoud-assisted extraction of polyphenols from Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Sing by response surface methodology and analysis of its antioxidant activity. Cereals & Oils, 2025, 38(4): 120-125. |
| [37] |
傅志丰, 王慧宾, 邓朝阳, 响应面法优化超声波辅助提取虎奶菇多酚工艺及其抗氧化活性分析. 粮食与油脂, 2025, 38(4): 120-125. |
| [38] |
Zhang L, Deng N N, Yagoub A E A, et al. Ultrasound-assisted probiotics fermentation suspension treatment under mild heat to improve the storage quality of freshly cut lotus root. Food Chemistry, 2022, 397: 133823. |
| [39] |
Mamy D, Boateng I D, Chen X. Metabolomic changes in Citrus reticulata peel after conventional and ultrasound-assisted solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger: A focus on flavonoid metabolism. Food Chemistry, 2025, 467: 142224. |
| [40] |
Li W, He W L, Ding K, et al. Effects of different treatment methods on antigenic protein and acid soluble protein in soybean meal. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 48(1): 25-32. |
| [41] |
李旺, 何万领, 丁轲, 不同处理方法对豆粕中抗原蛋白和酸溶蛋白的影响. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 48(1): 25-32. |
| [42] |
Wang C, Tang N C, Liu C Y. Extraction of total saponins from Clinacanthus nutans and its antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology, 2023, 42(5): 63-70. |
| [43] |
王超, 唐年初, 刘诚毅. 忧遁草总皂苷的提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究. 食品与生物技术学报, 2023, 42(5): 63-70. |
| [44] |
Wang G Q, Yang Z D, Wu Q, et al. Research advance of probiotics in the fermentation of Chinese herbal medicine. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 2024, 46(4): 357-363. |
| [45] |
王光强, 杨忠达, 吴倩, 益生菌发酵中草药的研究进展. 上海理工大学学报, 2024, 46(4): 357-363. |
| [46] |
Xie X X, Tang Z N, Liang S Z, et al. Preparation and safety evaluation of probiotic fermented compound dandelion powder. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2025, 52(7): 3420-3428. |
| [47] |
谢欣欣, 唐梓宁, 梁孙圳, 益生菌发酵复方蒲公英散的制备及安全性评价. 中国畜牧兽医, 2025, 52(7): 3420-3428. |
| [48] |
Cui Y P, Xu R, Chen Z Y, et al. Effects of mixed fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum on the polyphenol of honeysuckle extract. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(5): 95-99. |
| [49] |
崔亚鹏, 许锐, 陈泽元, 酿酒酵母和植物乳杆菌混合发酵对金银花浸提液多酚物质的影响. 食品与发酵工业, 2022, 48(5): 95-99. |
| [50] |
Bai Y, Fang X Y, Jiang Y P, et al. Sequential fermentation of Ginkgo biloba seeds by Bacillus subtilis natto and Lactobacillus plantarum enhanced nutrition, flavor and lipid-lowering activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2025, 105(4): 2607-2620. |
| [51] |
Luo Y Q, Hu Q, Lu Y, et al. Studies on nutrient composition of cotton meal fermented by Bacillus subtilis-1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their compound bacteria. China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 47(2): 452-459. |
| [52] |
罗远琴, 胡倩, 芦岩, 枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母及其复合菌发酵棉粕营养成分变化的研究. 中国畜牧兽医, 2020, 47(2): 452-459. |
| [53] |
Huang Y P, Yue Y Y, Wang Y Y, et al. Effects of synergistic of Lactobacillus plantarum R3 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae JY2 on the fermentation of wolfberry wine and its process optimization. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2025, 52(1): 143-154. |
| [54] |
黄远鹏, 岳洋洋, 王燕燕, 植物乳杆菌R3与酿酒酵母菌JY2协同发酵对枸杞酒的影响及工艺优化. 安徽农业大学学报, 2025, 52(1): 143-154. |
| [55] |
Zhang Q, Guo L D, Du X W. Research progress on probiotic fermentation of ginseng and its products. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(13): 311-319. |
| [56] |
张倩, 国立东, 都晓伟. 人参的益生菌发酵及其发酵产品研究进展. 食品与发酵工业, 2022, 48(13): 311-319. |
| [57] |
Ebenezer O F, Kouadio J E K, Zheng Y Y, et al. RSM-based process intensification for arabinoxylan and β-glucan extraction from Brewer’s spent grain using ultrasound and microwave-assisted technologies. Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification, 2025, 209: 110178. |
| [58] |
Lin B B, Wang S S, Zhou A Q, et al. Ultrasound-assisted enzyme extraction and properties of Shatian pomelo peel polysaccharide. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2023, 98: 106507. |
| [59] |
Xu B, Feng M, Tiliwa E S, et al. Multi-frequency power ultrasound green extraction of polyphenols from Pingyin rose: optimization using the response surface methodology and exploration of the underlying mechanism. Food Science and Technology, 2022, 156: 113037. |
| [60] |
Jing B N, Wei L, Zhou Y, et al. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for total triterpenoids from Lonicera confusa and its antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2021, 42(1): 174-181. |
| [61] |
景炳年, 魏磊, 周雍, 山银花总三萜超声辅助提取工艺优化及其抗菌抗氧化活性研究. 食品工业科技, 2021, 42(1): 174-181. |
| [62] |
Li H, Zhai B T, Sun J, et al. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of total saponins from Aralia taibaiensis: process optimization, phytochemical characterization, and mechanism of α-glucosidase inhibition. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2022, 16: 83-105. |
| [63] |
Wang Y, Guo S, Liu H F, et al. Optimization of composite probiotics fermentation process for Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma residues by Box-Behnken response surface method and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant activities. Journal of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2024, 40(6): 555-568. |
| [64] |
王昱, 郭盛, 刘海峰, Box-Behnken响应面法优化复合益生菌发酵三七药渣工艺及体外抗氧化活性研究. 南京中医药大学学报, 2024, 40(6): 555-568. |
| [65] |
Liu L P, Wang Y Z, Yang L, et al. Research progress of application and mechanism of ultrasonic technology in microbial fermentation. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2021, 42(6): 357-362. |
| [66] |
刘利平, 王亚珍, 杨蕾, 超声技术在微生物发酵中的应用及其机理研究进展. 食品工业科技, 2021, 42(6): 357-362. |
| [67] |
Nemes S A, Mitrea L, Teleky B E, et al. Integration of ultrasound and microwave pretreatments with solid-state fermentation enhances the release of sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds in wheat bran. Food Chemistry, 2025, 463(3): 141237. |
河南省高等学校重点科研项目(26A230010)
2023年度河南农业大学科技创新基金项目(2023CXZX010)
2024年第五批河南省创新研发专项子课题(30603371)
国家留学基金青年骨干教师出国研修项目(留金项〔2023〕54号)
国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-34)
河南省优质饲草与动物健康科技创新团队(22IRTSTHN022)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |