入侵植物翼茎阔苞菊生物学特性和入侵风险分析
Biological characteristics and risk analysis of the alien invasive plant Pluchea sagittalis
翼茎阔苞菊原产南美洲,是近年我国多省份陆续报道的外来入侵植物,在一些地区已经造成了严重的生态危害。本研究通过野外观测对翼茎阔苞菊种群特征、生物量分配模式、开花物候及种子萌发特性进行了系统研究,并对其入侵性进行定量分析,探讨其生态适应机制及其入侵潜力,以期为翼茎阔苞菊的预防和控制提供依据。结果表明:该物种为多年生草本植物,呈现典型的集群分布格局;在营养生长期,翼茎阔苞菊植株总生物量随株高增加而增加,两者之间存在极显著的指数函数关系,其茎器官生物量分配占比最高(达总生物量的52.14%),通过快速高生长策略有效占据生态位并获取光资源;物候观测显示,在福建漳州地区其花期持续在5-11月,盛花期集中于夏季(6-8月),单花序从现蕾至种子成熟仅需20~30 d;该植物兼具根系横向扩展的无性繁殖和异交有性繁殖双重策略,其头状花序外围着生大量可育雌花,花粉粒具独特锥状刺突(直径20.19 μm),属于“淀粉型”花粉,授粉依赖传粉昆虫;种子自然萌发率达20.33%;翼茎阔苞菊入侵风险值为68,依据评估技术规范等级划分标准判定其应严禁引入,建议列入管制名单。由此可见翼茎阔苞菊生长迅速,有强大的无性和有性繁殖能力,入侵风险较高。
The invasive alien plant Pluchea sagittalis is a perennial herb native to South America. This weed has been detected with increasing frequency across multiple regions across China in recent years, and has caused serious ecological harm in some areas. Because of its high reproductive capacity and rapid rate of spread, this species poses a significant invasion risk. In this study, we investigated the population characteristics, biomass allocation, flowering phenology, and seed germination of P. sagittalis through fixed-point field observations, and then conducted a quantitative analysis of its invasiveness. The overall aim of this research was to explore the ecological adaptation mechanisms and invasive potential of this invasive plant species to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of its spread. The results of the field observations show that P. sagittalis has a clumped distribution pattern. During the vegetative growth stage, the total plant biomass increases with plant height, following a highly significant exponential relationship (P<0.001). Notably, the stem accounts for the largest proportion of biomass (52.14% of total biomass), reflecting a rapid vertical growth strategy to occupy ecological niches and optimize light interception. Phenological observations in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, revealed a prolonged flowering period from May to November, with peak flowering occurring in summer (June-August). Our observations revealed that a single capitulum completes development from bud emergence to seed maturation in 20-30 days. Analyses of its reproductive traits indicated that this plant has dual strategies: clonal propagation via lateral root expansion and outcrossing sexual reproduction with capitula bearing numerous fertile pistillate flowers on the periphery. Its pollen grains have distinctive conical spines (diameter: 20.19 µm) and are classified as starch-type pollen. The species is self-incompatible, requiring pollinator-dependent cross-fertilization. Seed germination assays demonstrated a natural germination rate of 20.33%. The invasion risk value for P. sagittalis was calculated as 68. According to the grading criteria of the technical specifications, the introduction of P. sagittalis should be strictly prohibited, and we recommend including it in the regulated control list. The combined traits of rapid growth, dual reproductive modes, and high dispersal efficiency collectively contribute to its strong invasive potential in subtropical ecosystems.
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福建省科技厅自然科学基金项目(2020J01810)
福建省科技厅自然科学基金项目(2024N0007)
福建省科技厅自然科学基金项目(2025J01979)
闽南师范大学本科教研项目(JG202510)
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