豆科植物种子休眠的生理及分子机制研究进展

刘昊臻 ,  赵士钦 ,  冯树蓉 ,  王成 ,  张景鈜 ,  孙守江

草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (08) : 207 -220.

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草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (08) : 207 -220. DOI: 10.11686/cyxb2025337
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豆科植物种子休眠的生理及分子机制研究进展

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Progress in research on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of seed dormancy in legumes

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摘要

种子休眠是植物在长期进化过程中形成的一种适应性特征,使植物能够在逆境条件下存活。豆科植物作为全球农业生产的核心作物类群(涵盖粮食、饲料、绿肥等),其种子休眠特性直接影响播种质量、田间出苗率及产量稳定性。豆科植物种子休眠的分子调控主要以脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA)含量平衡为核心,通过种皮发育基因、转录因子网络、表观修饰及环境信号整合的复杂系统,该机制既保证种子在不利环境中存活,又能在适宜条件下精准萌发。生理休眠是种子休眠的主要因素,ABA与GA并非直接相互作用,而是通过其拮抗效应分别促进“休眠维持”和“萌发启动”,ABA下游发芽抑制因子ABI3有许多靶基因在拟南芥中已被报道,包括ABI5DELLAbHLH转录因子,但在豆科植物中相应的调控网络尚不明确,ABI3在ABA信号传导通路与其他因子的相互作用仍待研究。因此,基于近年来的相关研究成果,系统梳理了豆科植物种子休眠的类型、种子休眠破除技术及休眠的分子调控网络,重点总结豆科植物种子特有的休眠特征。此外,基于模式植物种子休眠的分子调控研究进展,提出豆科植物种子休眠的潜在分子调控假设模型,为豆科植物种子休眠分子调控机制的进一步研究提供理论指导,也为豆科植物栽培实践和后续品种改良提供理论支撑。

Abstract

Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait that developed during long-term evolution, enabling plants to survive under adverse conditions. Legumes are a core crop group in global agricultural production (encompassing food, forage, and green manure), and the dormancy characteristics of their seeds directly affect sowing quality, field emergence rate, and yield stability. The molecular regulation of seed dormancy in legumes primarily revolves around the balance between abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) levels, involving a complex system that integrates the expression of genes involved in seed coat development and transcription factor networks, as well as epigenetic modifications and environmental signals. This mechanism ensures seed survival under unfavorable conditions while enabling precise germination under suitable circumstances. Physiological dormancy is the primary factor in seed dormancy, where ABA and GA do not directly interact but instead exhibit antagonistic effects-ABA promotes “dormancy maintenance” while GA triggers “germination initiation”. In Arabidopsis thaliana, many downstream targets of the ABA-responsive germination inhibitor ABI3 have been identified, including the ABI5DELLA, and bHLH transcription factors. However, the corresponding regulatory network in legumes remains unclear, and further research is required to explore the interactions between ABI3 and other factors in the ABA signaling pathway. Based on recent research, this paper systematically reviews the types of seed dormancy in legumes, dormancy-breaking techniques, and molecular regulatory networks, with a focus on legume-specific dormancy traits. Furthermore, drawing on advances in research on the molecular regulation of seed dormancy in model plants, we propose a hypothetical model for the molecular regulation of seed dormancy in legumes. This review provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of seed dormancy in legumes while offering insights for cultivation practices and varietal improvement.

Graphical abstract

关键词

豆科植物种子 / 物理休眠 / 生理休眠 / 种子休眠解除 / 分子调控机制

Key words

legume seeds / physical dormancy / physiological dormancy / seed dormancy release / molecular regulatory mechanisms

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刘昊臻,赵士钦,冯树蓉,王成,张景鈜,孙守江. 豆科植物种子休眠的生理及分子机制研究进展[J]. 草业学报, 2026, 35(08): 207-220 DOI:10.11686/cyxb2025337

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种子休眠是指在适宜条件下,有活力且完整的种子不能萌发的现象1,种子需要经历特定的发育过程(如休眠)以适应不利环境条件。在植物的进化和适应过程中,种子休眠起着重要作用,它决定了新一代的开始2。种子休眠是在种子成熟期间建立的,其会阻止具有活力的种子在有利条件下发芽,且休眠水平逐渐降低,发芽潜力则会随着种子的成熟而增加3-4。种子休眠以极低的代谢活性和对促进生长的信号暂时不敏感为特征,受不同环境影响的遗传因素决定。因此,种子休眠是植物适应性的重要组成部分5-7。过低的种子休眠水平会导致种子在生长期来临前过早萌发,增加幼苗死亡的风险。相比之下,过高的种子休眠水平会延迟发芽并缩短生长季节长度8。种子在有利的发芽条件下会立即萌发,进而解除休眠。在驯化过程中,种子经历了降低休眠水平的选择,大多数种子在播种后会均匀而快速地发芽9。然而,过低的种子休眠水平会降低播种种子的质量,导致作物产量损失10。因此,任何作物的种子都需要均衡的种子休眠水平。
种子的生命周期是一个复杂的生物学历程,始于子房内的胚胎发生阶段,花朵经授粉和受精后,卵巢内的胚珠发育成种子,卵巢壁通过细胞分裂和分化逐渐发育成果皮,进而发育成角果。由种皮、胚乳和胚组成的未成熟种子在果荚中发育,之后将形成未来的幼苗。在此阶段之后是种子成熟,发育情况包括种子的诱导休眠、耐干燥性和种子寿命。休眠的诱导取决于遗传因素以及母株所经历的光照、温度等环境因素。种子成熟后会以干燥状态存在,已经建立了初级休眠状态,在适宜条件下未休眠种子吸水破除种皮后露出胚根。后熟或种子休眠解除可以释放休眠状态,使种子重新返回非休眠状态。此外,非休眠种子的发芽会受到抑制,若遭到环境胁迫,种子会重新进入休眠状态(图1)。
豆科植物种子的休眠特性正日益受到包括植物生物学家、作物遗传学家、育种家和食品科学家在内的研究人员的关注。豆科植物作为全球农业生产的核心作物类群(涵盖粮食、饲料、绿肥等),其种子休眠特性直接影响播种质量、田间出苗率及产量稳定性。本研究基于近年来的相关研究成果,系统梳理豆科植物种子休眠的类型划分、种子休眠打破技术及休眠的分子调控网络,重点总结豆科植物特有休眠特征的研究进展,为其种子休眠分子调控机制的进一步研究提供理论指导,也为豆科植物栽培实践和后续品种改良提供理论支撑。

1 种子休眠的定义、萌发阶段划分及种子休眠的形成

不同的研究人员对种子休眠的定义不同。一些研究将其大致描述为即使在有利的环境条件下,种子在开始发芽的情况下也会形成暂时停止的状态11-12,也有研究表明,休眠种子在任何正常物理环境因素的组合下,即在种子变为非休眠状态后,也没有在规定时间内发芽的能力4。然而,当遇到有利的环境条件时,非休眠且有活力的种子会发芽。因此,可以推测休眠的种子由于某些不足或具有一些必须克服和释放的发芽障碍才能发芽13。种子萌发过程可分为3个阶段:第1阶段种子在适宜条件下,快速吸水膨胀;第2阶段种子吸水速度趋于稳定;在第3阶段,休眠种子会保持在第2阶段的状态,不会进行到第3阶段的吸水过程,非休眠种子在第3阶段继续吸水发育,直到完全发芽,生长为幼苗14

种子休眠状态与静止状态有着明显区别,静止状态是指种子由于没有获得足够的条件(如水、温度或空气)而保持未发芽,这一特性是正常种子延长耐贮藏性(高活力种子)的基础。此外,休眠作为一种调控发芽在时间和空间上分布的机制,具有重要的生态意义。不同植物物种的种子显示出休眠程度的差异,导致不规则发芽。在自然界中,季节性环境变化,如光线和温度、土壤埋藏深度或光线穿过地面树冠的穿透力以及鸟类和动物的干预均可成为决定种子休眠和发芽过程的因素15-16。此外,光通过调节激素代谢和信号通路来控制种子休眠的诱导、维持和释放。

2 豆科植物种子休眠类型

学者针对不同形式的休眠提出了不同的分类系统,包括形态休眠(morphological dormancy,MD)、形态生理休眠(morphophysiological dormancy,MPD)、生理休眠(physiological dormancy,PD)、物理休眠(physical dormancy,PY)和组合休眠(combined dormancy,PY+PD)5类休眠。最广泛的分类方案是PD,它包括非深层的3个级别和5种类型的休眠,而MPD包括8个级别,但它们的类型没有区别。PD(非深层)是裸子植物和被子植物的所有主要分支中最常见的休眠类型17。近年来,有学者重新整理了种子休眠类型及其分类的多样性18。MD会使种子胚胎发育不全,但在已分化的种子中表现明显,例如子叶和下胚轴。这类种子本身不具有生理休眠,通常也不需要特定的休眠,解除处理即可萌发,但需要一定时间完成胚胎发育19。MPD指发育不完全的种胚具有生理休眠的现象,发生在种胚发育不完全或者未分化的种子中,它是形态休眠和生理休眠的组合,兼具双重休眠特性18。即胚在形态上未发育完全,需要后熟过程才能成熟,同时种子内部还存在生理抑制物质,阻止种子萌发。这种休眠类型通常出现在具有线性(linear)、匙形(spatulate)或球形(globular)未分化胚或发育不完全胚的种子中5。然而,诸多研究表明豆科种子常见的休眠状态为PD20-30、PY31-35、PY+PD36-37表1)。

PD是种子休眠中最普遍的形式,广泛存在于裸子植物、被子植物、单子叶植物和双子叶植物中。它是种子库中最为普遍的休眠类型。PD也是大多数模式植物种子的主要休眠形式,包括拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)、莴苣(Lactuca sativa)和番茄(Solanumlycopersicum)等5。PD可以分为3个级别:深度、中度和非深度。大多数具有PD的物种表现出非深度休眠。生理休眠一般由激素平衡来解释,其中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)作为抑制剂,赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)作为促进剂,这些激素调节着休眠的开始、维持与结束20-22。休眠的解除与ABA和GA的相互作用密切相关。GA和ABA并非直接相互作用。ABA主要在种子发育过程中合成(常来源于母体组织、胚乳或胚胎),诱导休眠;而GA则促进非休眠种子的萌发23。此外,具有高水平ABA的种子通常表现出深度休眠。已有研究证明ABA和GA都参与了水稻(Oryza sativa24、花生(Arachis hypogaea25和其他作物种子的休眠中断。除了ABA和GA之外,乙烯也参与某些物种种子休眠和发芽的调节26-27,可能是通过降低种子对内源性ABA的反应。对野生燕麦(Avena sativa)的研究表明,mRNA和热稳定蛋白特有的ABA响应基因在休眠种子中上调,而在GA合成和信号传导导致的非休眠或后熟种子中下降,并在种子发芽过程中消失28-30表1)。

PY主要是指种子处于休眠状态时,因为种子的不透水性导致其不能吸收水分,因此不能发芽31。种子物理休眠是由种子外皮中的一层或多层不透水的栅栏细胞引起的31。PY在豆科植物中较为常见,主要由种皮的特殊结构和性质引起,例如硬实种子的种皮不透水或透气性差,因此存在物理休眠32。紫云英(Astragalus sinicus)种子种皮具有发达的角质层和栅栏细胞层,阻碍水分吸收和气体交换,导致种子在自然条件下难以萌发33。种子发育初期含水量丰富,通常在40%~50%,有研究发现,豆科植物苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)种子具有物理休眠(硬实)特性的比例随种子含水量的下降而急剧增加34。这种物理休眠有助于种子在不良环境中保持休眠状态,等待适宜的萌发时机,从而避免在不适宜的季节或环境中过早萌发而遭受损害。此外,在鹰嘴豆(Cicer arietinum)中也广泛报道了对比鲜明的发芽和种子休眠模式35

具有生理和物理休眠的种子可以表示为PY+PD,这种类型的休眠是由于种皮具有不渗透性和生理休眠的组合。形态生理休眠主要是种子胚胎发育不全的结果,加上胚胎发育过程中的生理不足36。因此,这类种子需要结合打破休眠的处理。PY+PD同时具有物理和生理休眠特性,是由内源因素和外源因素共同引起的种子休眠37。种子同时存在两种或多种休眠类型,既具有生理休眠的特点,内部含有抑制萌发的物质,又有物理休眠,种皮阻碍了种子与外界环境的物质交换。这种情况下,需要同时克服多种因素才能使种子萌发。多组学及多光谱成像分析显示苜蓿(Medicago sativa)休眠种子具有显著的物理和生理休眠。传统观点认为苜蓿休眠种子仅具有物理休眠,但Wang等38发现有24.5%的硬实种子在种皮被机械破坏后仍不萌发,说明存在生理休眠,即PY+PD才是苜蓿休眠种子难以萌发的真正原因。

3 豆科植物种子休眠解除

从种子生产来说,确保种子出苗是维持最佳植物种群的重要因素,种子休眠虽有重要意义,但有可能造成物种传承的缺失,为此,了解不同物种的休眠行为以及破除这些行为的方法至关重要。植物种子休眠原因复杂,导致种子休眠的原因多样,目前主要可以应用各种物理、化学或生理处理来破除不同程度的休眠。

3.1 物理解除

层积处理是破除PD或MPD的常用方法。环境因素是影响种子休眠最重要的因子,温度是最为重要的因素,不同温度的层积处理调控了种子的休眠过程39。一般层积处理可以分为低温层积、暖温层积和变温层积:其中低温层积温度一般是1~5 ℃,暖温层积温度一般是15~25 ℃或20~30 ℃,变温层积处理包括高温与低温交替层积和阶段性变温层积处理40。崔乐乐等41发现低温可以有效破除黄花苜蓿(Medicago falcata)种子的硬实率。

由于种皮或果皮致密、坚硬以及具有蜡质的特性,导致水分不易透入种皮,进而使种子不能吸水而萌发是造成种子休眠的根本原因42-43,有研究表明,机械处理是破除PY的有效方法43。机械处理通过擦破或磨损种皮,降低其机械阻力和束缚力,从而解除因种皮透性差导致的休眠44-45。并且,通过物理摩擦可以破坏种皮的完整性,既可以削弱种皮所具有的结构阻力,又消除了其对胚生长的机械束缚,从根本上改善了水分渗透障碍。同时,伴随种子加工产业的升级,包括小型种子摩擦机、电动磨米机等一系列硬实破除设备已实现规模化的应用,使得高效处理规模化生产中的种子休眠问题成为一种可能。热水处理作为解除种子休眠的一种常规的技术手段,其作用机制主要体现在3个方面:第一,通过热力学效应来软化种皮的机械结构,同时来溶解种皮表层的脂质组分,进而提升种皮的水分和气体交换效率促使种子解除休眠;此外,该过程也可能有助于降解种皮中存在的某些萌发抑制物质。但是,研究也发现延长处理时间会导致种子死亡率上升,这一现象与Wang等46的试验结论具有一致性。针对豆科植物种子特性,Auld等47提出双重温度阈值理论,即低于某个临界温度时,休眠解除效果有限且受处理时间影响较弱;当温度超过临界值时可有效破除休眠,但若进一步升高至某个致死温度则会导致种子死亡,且致死过程呈现显著的时间差异。这一结果表明,热水处理不仅能有效解除目标种子的休眠,且具有一定的实际生产应用价值(表2)。

3.2 化学解除

强酸处理,尤其是98%的浓硫酸,是解除豆科牧草种子PY的经典方法之一48。其作用机制为:通过强酸的化学腐蚀作用人为的定向破坏种皮的一些局部结构(比如栅栏组织和珠孔区域),在降低种皮机械强度的同时改善其透水性49。胡小文等50的研究表明,针对苦豆子种子采用50 min硫酸处理可达到最佳休眠解除效果。然而需特别注意使用方法:由于浓硫酸具有强腐蚀性,处理时长超过阈值会导致胚体细胞严重受损,通常表现为发芽率下降,畸形苗比例显著升高,这一现象在王进等51的研究中得到进一步验证,其结果显示采用80%浓度硫酸处理25 min会显著增加种子死亡率。液氮处理作为一种种子休眠破除方法,目前相关研究仍较有限。液氮对不同种类种子的休眠破除效果存在很大差异,且种子千粒重与液氮处理响应度密切相关。推测其机制可能在于液氮通过急剧降温导致种皮产生微裂纹或开裂,提升其透水性,从而解除种子休眠。由于种子大小直接影响温度变化的速率及内外热量传导效率,不同粒径种子受到的种皮作用效果存在差别。现有研究结果表明,对于小粒种子而言,液氮是一种快速且简便的休眠破除手段52表2)。

3.3 生理解除

目前,针对超声波技术在解除种子休眠中的应用开展了一系列研究。研究表明,超声波作为一种高效、快速的物理方法,能有效破除藜科(Chenopodiaceae)植物种子的休眠。超声波不仅能提升种子发芽率并优化幼苗生长状况,还可延缓贮藏期间种子活力的下降,增强老化种子的萌发能力,并提高其在胁迫环境下的抗逆性53。Wang等54探讨了超声波处理对黄花苜蓿种子萌发的影响,结果显示,仅仅采用超声波处理对解除黄花苜蓿种子硬实休眠效果并不显著,但在砂纸预处理基础上联合超声波处理,可使野生黄花苜蓿种子发芽率显著提升至96%,该组合方法成为解除野生黄花苜蓿硬实休眠的最优方案,未来研究需进一步解析多通路交叉对话机制,为改良种子休眠特性提供分子靶点(表2)。

4 豆科植物种子休眠的分子调控机制

豆科植物种子休眠的分子调控是以ABA和GA含量平衡为核心,通过种皮发育基因、转录因子网络、表观修饰及环境信号整合的复杂系统。该机制既保证种子在不利环境中存活,又能在适宜条件下精准萌发,对豆科作物[如大豆(Glycine max)、苜蓿]的产量和适应性具有重要意义。

4.1 PY分子调控机制

种子硬度是种子的一种物理特性,可防止水分吸收并促进更长的休眠时间。不透水的种子通常具有坚硬的种子皮,其特征是由栅栏细胞的果胶质外层,较高的木质素含量和角质层的脂肪酸组成55-56。豆科植物的物理休眠通常受少数主效基因位点的控制。PAE8已被确定是导致豆科植物种子休眠的基因之一,PAE8基因中的5 bp移码突变可能是驯化过程中种子休眠丧失的主要致病突变57

已有研究发现糖基水解酶调节扁豆(Lens culinaris)种子的休眠58,此外,野生蓝羽扇豆(Lupinus angustifolius)不同样本中的硬实种子受一对显性基因控制59。通过数量性状基因座(quantitative trait locus,QTL)图谱的鉴定,豇豆(Vigna unguiculata)有关种子的主要QTL位于连锁群760,这些候选基因可能调控种子休眠,其后续仍需详细验证。此外,可能有两个候选基因与豌豆(Pisum sativum)的种子休眠有关61。大豆种皮不渗透性由编码钙调神经磷酸酶样蛋白(PP2B)的主要数量性状位点(QTL)基因GmHs1-1控制62。另一个主要的QTL基因qHS1也被鉴定出可以控制大豆种皮的不渗透性,有研究发现qHS1是一种内切1,4-β-葡聚糖酶基因63,这2个基因通过协同调控种皮结构(如栅栏细胞外层的1,4-β-葡聚糖积累),共同参与驯化过程中硬实性的解除。Chai等64研究发现,以蒺藜苜蓿(M. truncatula)为代表的豆科植物,其种子物理休眠的分子机制主要由Ⅱ类KNOX基因KNOX4调控,该基因通过直接作用于下游的CYP86AKCS12等,前者参与角质生物合成,后者负责超长链脂肪酸合成,进而影响种皮栅栏层角质层的结构与成分,以此维持种子的物理休眠特性,且KNOX4-like基因在种子植物中广泛存在,可能与种子植物的进化相关65。以往研究由于豆科植物种子休眠中物理休眠的机制尚不明确,对物理休眠与种皮的研究较少。随着越来越多的豆科植物中参与物理休眠基因的鉴定和表征,未来的进一步基因鉴定将为人们更深入地了解物理休眠的真实机制提供更多见解,并为豆科作物的改良提供重要基因资源(表3)。

4.2 PD分子调控机制

PD通常由种子内源激素介导,尤其依赖于ABA与GA的相互拮抗来诱导并维持休眠状态66。种子中GA可诱导其萌发并抑制休眠,而ABA则通过拮抗GA信号传导发挥相反作用。ABA不仅调控非生物胁迫响应,还广泛参与种子成熟、休眠与萌发、气孔关闭等一系列发育过程67-69。核心ABA信号传导机制的启动首先依赖于植物体内ABA合成限速酶基因NCEDs的显著上调,同时伴随ABA分解代谢基因CYP707A的表达下调70,合成的ABA由ABA受体PYR/PYL/RCARs感知,进而启动下游信号调控网络71-74。当ABA与ABA受体结合后,解除蛋白磷酸酶PP2Cs对SnRK2s激酶活性的抑制,从而激活SnRK2s75-79,活化的SnRK2s磷酸化下游靶基因,包括b-ZIP型转录因子ABA INSENSITIVE 5ABI5)和脱落酸响应元件结合因子(ABA-responsive element binding factors,ABFs),最终影响种子的休眠与萌发进程80-82

有学者利用自然变异鉴定种子休眠位点,鉴定到种子休眠的关键调控因子萌发延迟基因1(delay of germination-1,DOG183DOG1基因的发现和功能研究被认为是种子休眠研究的重要突破84-85。DOG1属于小家族成员,是一种血红素(heme)结合蛋白,对种子PD水平有很大影响86,在调控种子休眠过程中发挥重要作用87;其主要功能是诱导种子休眠,包括温度依赖的休眠88-90。研究发现,休眠程度越高,DOG1-mRNA和蛋白的水平也越高88。有学者认为GmDOG1-L37在大豆中可能具有成为GmDOG1基因的最大潜力,但后续仍需进一步验证91ABI3ABI5编码ABA依赖的必需转录因子,是种子中ABA信号转导中的2个主要组分。DOG1通过调控ABI5的表达来控制休眠。此外,DOG1通过激活种子成熟基因和抑制萌发相关基因来刺激ABI5的表达89。Dekkers等92也证明,DOG1可以解除蛋白磷酸酶PP2Cs对SnRK2s激酶活性的抑制,从而促进ABI5的表达和种子休眠(图2)。

豆科植物豌豆ABI5突变体的表征证实了ABI5在调节种子寿命、种子成熟和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)积累中的作用93,在大豆中亦发现同源核心基因GmABI5,进一步证实ABI5是豆科植物种子休眠与晚熟性状的重要调控因子79。在豆科植物中,休眠和长寿的获得发生在种子成熟后期。ABI5可以与启动子中的ABA响应元件结合,同时ABI5也作用于ABI3的下游,在执行ABA生成停滞中起着至关重要的作用94-95。蒺藜苜蓿中MtHSFA9是种子成熟过程中种子休眠深度的调节因子,主要调节ABA稳态和信号传导96FA9HSFA家族中的主要成员,于发育过程中的种子中特异性表达,并在脱落酸信号基因ABA INSENSITIVE 3ABI3)的调节控制下表达97。同时蒺藜苜蓿ABI3基因存在3种剪接异构体SF1、SF2和SF3,它们在种子发育过程中具有不同的表达模式。通过在ABI3突变体背景下的蒺藜苜蓿中异位表达这些异构体,发现它们各自调控特定的基因簇。这些异构体在调控种子成熟过程中发挥作用,影响种子休眠98。但豆科植物中ABI3与ABA信号通路的分子相互作用机制仍不清楚,而在拟南芥中ABI3被发现促进种子休眠关键调控因子DOG1的上调,解除蛋白磷酸酶PP2C对SnRK2s激酶活性的抑制99-100

最近,拟南芥基因SPATULASPT)在大豆中被发现,这是一个与种子休眠过程相关的核心基因,SPT已被证明可以将GA3ox表达与光和温度信号通路偶联,GmGA3ox在黑暗低温条件下会使GA失活,导致ABA和GA的比值增大,从而影响种子在发育期间的发芽101-102SPT可诱导ABI5和赤霉素信号基因RGL3的表达,驱动ABA和GA拮抗的“休眠促进”途径在种子中发挥作用103。编码LCBΔ8去饱和酶(GmSLD1)的基因过表达可通过降低大豆种子内的GA和ABA比值,导致大豆种子深度休眠79,其与通路中其他基因的相互调控关系有待进一步深入探究(图2)。

5 研究展望

种子休眠是植物在长期进化过程中形成的一种适应性特征,使植物能够在逆境条件下存活6,包括延长种子储存寿命104和防止幼苗在不利季节因短暂有利条件诱导萌发而死亡105。本研究讨论了豆科植物种子休眠的类型、解除方法及分子调控机制。尽管物理休眠早被提出,但直到2015年,首个调控豆科种子(大豆)物理休眠的关键基因才被鉴定。对于生理休眠,其调控网络中的许多因子在豆科植物中的作用机制尚未完全阐明,有待进一步探讨。

此外,生理休眠是种子休眠的主要因素。ABA与GA并非直接相互作用,而是通过其拮抗效应分别促进“休眠维持”和“萌发启动”57。在拟南芥中,ABA下游发芽抑制因子ABI3基因有许多靶基因被发现,包括ABI5DELLAbHLH转录因子106。此外,ABI3基因与LEC1/2、FUS3一起形成调控网络107,然而在豆科植物中相应的调控网络却尚未明晰,ABI3在ABA信号传导通路与其他因子的相互作用仍待研究(图3)。

DOG1是一种诱导种子休眠必需的蛋白,但目前的研究进展主要是基于拟南芥突变体种子,在豆科植物中虽然已经发现但并未进行深度探究。热休克转录因子HSFA9ABI3的调控下表达,在豆科植物中是否与DOG1存在相互调控关系有待进一步阐明96。此外,DOG1与2种磷酸酶AHG1(ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 1)和AHG3(ABA-HYPERSENSITIVE GERMINATION 3)发生物理相互作用,种子休眠通过抑制关键的下游通路,从而阻碍了萌发进程的开启108DOG1启动子bZIP67结合位点的遗传变异提供了一种解释DOG1表达自然遗传变异的机制109,然而,DOG1在豆科植物种子休眠中的作用是否不同还需明晰。基于此,本研究提出了1个豆科植物种子休眠的假设模型,在豆科植物初级休眠种子中,DOG1如何调控种子休眠的作用,以及在受到环境胁迫后,种子发芽受到抑制重新返回种子休眠状态时,DOG1如何调控这一复杂的转变均需更多的研究来阐明(图3)。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金(C类)(32503269)

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