狼毒大戟的化学防除效果及对其他植物群落的影响
杨陶阳 , 苏日力格 , 乌日力格 , 姜娜 , 杨殿林 , 红梅 , 张海芳 , 赵建宁
草业学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (09) : 129 -141.
狼毒大戟的化学防除效果及对其他植物群落的影响
Efficacy of chemical control on Euphorbia fischeriana and its effect on other plant communities
狼毒大戟扩散蔓延是草地退化的典型标志,严重威胁草地生态功能与畜牧业可持续发展。为筛选可高效、安全防除狼毒大戟的除草剂,本研究以清水为对照(CK),选用7种除草剂,于狼毒大戟盛花期喷施,30 d后评估了防除效果,翌年返青期测定狼毒大戟的再生力,施药当年和翌年植物生长旺盛期调查植物群落特征,系统分析除草剂对植物群落结构、多样性和生产力的影响,以此评估施用除草剂对其他植物的安全性。结果表明:1)短期防效方面,三氯吡氧乙酸和草甘膦对狼毒大戟的株防效与鲜重防效均高达100%;相比之下,其余5种除草剂的株防效和鲜重防效均低于65%,防除效果不佳;2)持续抑制能力方面,三氯吡氧乙酸处理能完全抑制翌年狼毒大戟的萌发和生长,而翌年草甘膦处理区的狼毒大戟种群密度恢复至1.76株·m-2,地下休眠芽再生力强;3)三氯吡氧乙酸处理提升了莎草科和禾本科植物的重要值及生物量,施药当年群落Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别较CK显著提高7.6%和15.46%;至翌年,三氯吡氧乙酸处理区禾本科与莎草科生物量合计占比达88.77%,促进群落向禾本科-莎草科优势方向稳定演替,但多样性指数与对照无显著差异;4)草甘膦处理严重抑制了非靶标植物生长,导致杂类草、莎草科和禾本科植物的生物量较CK分别显著下降了86.05%、63.58%和90.80%;同时,物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数也分别显著下降了54.44%和20.58%;5)TOPSIS-多准则决策模型分析表明,三氯吡氧乙酸防除狼毒大戟兼具高效、可持续、对非靶标植物安全的优点,可在防除狼毒大戟的同时促进植物群落恢复,是治理狼毒大戟型退化草地的优选方案。
The proliferation of Euphorbia fischeriana is a common indicator of grassland degradation, posing a serious threat to ecosystem functions and the sustainable development of animal husbandry. To screen for herbicides that can efficiently and safely control E. fischeriana, this study used pure water as a control (CK) and seven herbicides were applied as treatments during the full bloom growth stage of E. fischeriana. Control efficacy was evaluated 30 days after application, and the regeneration ability of E. fischeriana was measured during regreening after winter in the following year. Plant community characteristics were investigated during the peak growth periods of the application year and the subsequent year. The effects of the herbicides on community structure, diversity, and productivity were analyzed to evaluate their efficacy for controlling E. fischeriana and safety for other plants. The results showed that: 1) Regarding short-term efficacy, both triclopyr and glyphosate achieved 100% control efficacy in terms of plant count and fresh weight. In contrast, the other five herbicides showed poor results, with both plant and fresh weight control efficacies lower than 65%. 2) In terms of sustained suppression, triclopyr treatment completely inhibited the germination and growth of E. fischeriana in the following year. However, in the glyphosate treatment area, the population density of E. fischeriana recovered to 1.76 plants·m-2, indicating strong regeneration from dormant buds. 3) Triclopyr treatment increased the importance values and biomass of Cyperaceae and Poaceae. In the application year, the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of the community increased significantly by 7.6% and 15.46%, respectively, compared with CK. By the following year, the combined biomass of Poaceae and Cyperaceae in the triclopyr treatment area accounted for 88.77%, promoting the stable succession of the community towards Poaceae-Cyperaceae dominance, while diversity indices showed no significant difference from the control. 4) Glyphosate treatment severely inhibited the growth of non-target plants, resulting in significant decreases in the biomass of forbs, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae by 86.05%, 63.58%, and 90.80%, respectively, compared to CK. Additionally, the species richness index declined by 54.44% and the Shannon-Wiener index declined by 20.58% (P<0.05). 5) Analysis using the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model indicated that triclopyr combines the advantages of high efficacy, sustained elimination of E. fischeriana, and safety for non-target plants. Triclopyr promoted plant community restoration while controlling E. fischeriana, making it the optimal solution among the tested herbicides for managing grasslands degraded by E. fischeriana.
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFF1304102)
内蒙古师范大学研究生科研创新基金资助项目(GXJJS25033)
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