桥梁沉井基础竖向承载力及破坏机理研究
Research on Vertical Bearing Capacity and Failure Mechanism of Bridge Caisson Foundations
沉井基础因具有良好的受力特性,被越来越多的国内外跨海和跨江桥梁用作桥塔、桥墩的基础。本文采用数值模拟和理论分析的方法,对桥梁沉井基础在砂土中的竖向承载力和破坏机理进行了研究。首先,通过数值模拟研究了沉井平面尺寸、埋置深度和土体有效内摩擦角等因素对沉井基础竖向极限承载力和基底土体破坏模式的影响。随后,推导了沉井基础底部竖向极限承载力的理论计算公式。基于数值模拟结果,进一步提出了考虑埋深、埋深比、长宽比及土体内摩擦角等因素的基底破坏形态几何参数拟合公式。本文的数值模拟结果表明,当沉井基础达到竖向破坏时,沉井基础底部承载力在总承载力中的贡献超过90%,沉井基础底部的土体呈现出明显的局部剪切破坏形态。将基底土体破坏形态的几何参数代入沉井基础底部竖向极限承载力理论计算公式,可在桥梁沉井基础初步设计阶段计算其底部的竖向极限承载力。
In recent years, caisson foundations have gained increasing popularity as a foundation solution for bridge towers and piers due to their favorable mechanical properties. This study investigates the vertical bearing capacity and failure mechanisms of bridge caisson foundations in sand through numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. First, the effects of key parameters—including caisson plan size, embedment depth, and soil effective internal friction angle—on the vertical ultimate bearing capacity and soil failure modes are systematically examined via numerical modeling. Subsequently, a theoretical formula for calculating the vertical ultimate bearing capacity at the caisson base is derived. Based on the numerical results, fitting formulas for the geometric parameters of the base failure mode are further proposed, incorporating factors such as embedment depth, depth-to-width ratio, aspect ratio, and soil internal friction angle.The numerical simulations reveal that when vertical failure occurs in the caisson foundation, the base contributes over 90% of the total bearing capacity, accompanied by a distinct localized shear failure pattern in the soil surrounding the caisson base. By integrating the geometric parameters of the failure mode into the theoretical formula for vertical ultimate bearing capacity, this method enables efficient prediction of the bearing capacity during the preliminary design stage of bridge caisson foundations.
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