煤层参数变化对地震反射波特征的影响分析
韩刚 , 王存武 , 陈思路 , 彭晓波 , 马雄 , 赵岩 , 薛云龙
地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5) : 410 -422.
煤层参数变化对地震反射波特征的影响分析
Analysis of the influence of coal seam parameter changes on seismic reflection wave characteristics
地震技术是煤层气勘探的主要手段之一,通过分析煤层气地震响应特征,可以实现对煤层气藏的预测和评价。本文基于波动方程正演模拟技术,开展了煤层气地震响应的正演模拟研究。通过构建不同煤层厚度和不同煤体结构的地质模型,分析了煤层厚度和煤体结构对叠后地震响应的影响。通过建立不同煤层厚度、不同顶底板岩性以及不同含气量的地质模型,探究了煤层的叠前AVO响应特征。分析表明:随着煤层厚度的增加,随着煤体结构从原生煤向糜棱煤转化,煤层的地震反射波振幅都会有明显增强,这也是利用叠后地震振幅来预测煤层厚度和煤体结构的理论依据。对于不同厚度的煤层,其AVO曲线的截距均为负值,且煤层反射系数的绝对值随着入射角的增大而减小。对于围岩岩性不同的情况,硬质砂岩顶底板对地震波的反射振幅较强,而软质泥岩顶底板对地震波的反射振幅较弱,且相对于顶板岩性变化,煤层底板的岩性变化对地震波反射的影响更弱。当煤层含气时,其地震反射强度会随着煤层含气量的增加而增大。以上研究结果可为煤层气藏的地震勘探提供理论基础,对于优化煤层气的勘探方法也具有重要意义。
Seismic technology is a primary method for coalbed methane (CBM) exploration. By analyzing the seismic response characteristics of CBM reservoirs, their prediction and evaluation can be achieved. This article presents a forward modeling study based on the wave equation to simulate seismic responses. We constructed geological models with varying coal seam thicknesses and coal structures to analyze their influence on post-stack seismic attributes. Additionally, pre-stack AVO response characteristics were investigated using models with different coal seam thicknesses, roof/floor lithologies, and gas contents. Experimental results demonstrate that increasing coal seam thickness and transforming coal structure from undeformed to mylonitized coal both significantly enhance the amplitude of seismic reflections from the coal seam. This relationship provides a theoretical basis for using post-stack seismic amplitude to predict coal seam thickness and coal structure. For coal seams of various thicknesses, the AVO intercept remains negative, and the absolute reflection coefficient decreases with increasing incident angle. Regarding the surrounding lithology, seismic reflections exhibit stronger amplitudes when coal seams are bounded by hard sandstone roofs and floors, and weaker amplitudes when bounded by soft mudstone. Moreover, variations in floor lithology have a weaker influence on seismic reflections than changes in roof lithology. As gas content increases, the corresponding seismic reflection intensity also rises, indicating higher gas saturation. These findings provide a theoretical basis for seismic exploration of CBM reservoirs and help optimize CBM exploration strategies.
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中海油“十四五”重大专项(KJGG-2022-1001)
中海油“十四五”重大专项(KJGG-2024-1007)
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