1 Key Laboratory of Deep Petroleum Intelligent Exploration and Development, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2 Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100193, China
The formation and transformation of abiotic hydrocarbons within the Earth’s interior have profound impacts on deep carbon-hydrogen cycles, potential energy resources, and even planetary habitability. Recent advances in high-temperature and high-pressure experiments, natural sample analysis, and thermodynamic-kinetic modeling have advanced our understanding of deep abiotic hydrocarbon formation from theoretical speculation into experimentally verifiable physicochemical processes. This review synthesizes current experimental and computational results on abiotic hydrocarbon synthesis across crust-mantle-core conditions, with an emphasis on major reaction pathways and key controlling factors governing the reduction of carbonates, graphite, and simple organic salts to methane and higher hydrocarbons. Existing studies demonstrate that diverse abiotic hydrocarbon formation pathways exist from the crust to the core, and that their formation and transformation are controlled in a coordinated manner by multiple physicochemical factors. The occurrence and transformation of abiotic hydrocarbons exhibit systematic depth-dependent trends: methane dominates under upper crust-upper mantle conditions and possesses the potential for chain growth; heavier, unsaturated, and polymerized hydrocarbons become prevalent across the transition zone to the lower mantle, where they progressively evolve toward solid carbon phases; at the core-mantle boundary and core conditions, hydrocarbons become unstable and enter stability fields dominated by solid carbon and hydrogen. Factors such as temperature, pressure, and catalysis jointly regulate the evolution behavior of abiotic hydrocarbons. Based on geological evidence and experimental constraints, this review constructs a multi-sphere model for abiotic hydrocarbon formation spanning the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, and core. This model reveals their depth-dependent distribution, formation mechanisms, and transformation pathways, thereby providing a new theoretical framework for deepening our understanding of Earth’s deep carbon cycle and expanding the future exploration of deep energy resources and planetary habitability.
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