准噶尔盆地大型地层不整合形成演化与油气聚集
郑孟林 , 王然 , 唐勇 , 白雨 , 潘进 , 安志渊 , 张磊 , 陈洪 , 贾开富 , 李啸 , 吴涛 , 费李莹 , 秦志军 , 常秋生 , 魏小松 , 张宝
地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (6) : 269 -283.
准噶尔盆地大型地层不整合形成演化与油气聚集
The formation and evolution of large-scale strata unconformity and oil and gas accumulation in the Junggar Basin
大型地层不整合相关的油气藏具有巨大勘探潜力,已经成为中国陆相盆地增储上产的主要领域。准噶尔盆地经历了断陷-坳陷-挤压多期构造体制的叠加,具备形成丰富的大型不整合地层油气藏条件。本研究对整个盆地进行了详细的地层结构、构造演化、沉积环境等分析研究,重新厘定准噶尔盆地地层之间的接触关系,明确了盆地存在6大地层不整合和7大构造地层层序,其中石炭系与二叠系、上二叠统—三叠系与下伏地层之间的地层不整合是盆地级大型地层不整合。钻井、地震及地表地质资料揭示了大型地层不整合背景下火山岩-泥岩 (富泥砾岩)、火山岩-砂岩、砾岩-砾岩、砂(砾)岩-泥岩、泥岩-砂(砾)岩、泥岩-泥岩等6种岩性对接组合样式。基于构造和古地理背景,对大型地层不整合面上覆早二叠世干旱环境下的湖盆地层沉积和晚二叠世—三叠纪灾变环境下的大型坳陷湖盆地层沉积进行剖析,明确了大型盆地叠合演化过程形成的穿时性大型地层不整合控制着盆地的生储盖组合,构建两种大型地层不整合控储、控圈模式。上乌尔禾组—三叠系大型超覆沉积控储控圈成藏模式,指导发现断裂带上盘克拉玛依组、断裂带下盘百口泉组和大型坳陷斜坡区上乌尔禾组3个10亿吨级大油区。富烃凹陷斜坡带下二叠统大型超覆-剥蚀带地层岩性成藏模式,助力玛湖凹陷西斜坡带、沙湾凹陷西斜坡、中拐凸起斜坡带多领域获得重大突破。
Oil and gas reservoirs associated with large-scale stratigraphic unconformities hold significant exploration potential and have become key targets for increasing reserves and production in continental basins across China. The Junggar Basin, having undergone multiple tectonic events including faulting, subsidence, and compression, possesses favorable conditions for forming such substantial unconformity-related reservoirs. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the basin’s stratigraphic framework, tectonic evolution, and sedimentary environments. The stratigraphic contacts within the Junggar Basin were redefined, leading to the identification of six major regional unconformity surfaces. These unconformities delineate seven primary tectonic sequences: Carboniferous, Middle-Lower Permian, Upper Permian-Triassic, Jurassic (including the Badaowan, Xishanyao, Toutunhe, Qigu, and Karaza formations), Cretaceous, and Cenozoic. Among these, the unconformities between the Carboniferous and Permian, and between the Upper Permian-Triassic and underlying strata, are basin-scale features. Integrated data from drilling, seismic surveys, and surface geology reveal six lithological assemblage patterns beneath these large-scale unconformities: (1) volcanic rock-to-mudstone (rich in mudstone and conglomerate) contact, (2) volcanic rock-to-sandstone/conglomerate contact, (3) sandstone-to-sandstone contact, (4) sandstone/conglomerate-to-mudstone contact, (5) mudstone-to-sandstone/conglomerate contact, and (6) mudstone-to-mudstone contact. Furthermore, based on the tectonic and paleogeographic setting, the sedimentary strata developed above the major unconformities were analyzed. These include the Early Permian arid lacustrine deposits and the Late Permian-Triassic catastrophic flood deposits within a large depression lake basin. The study clarifies that the time-transgressive major unconformities, formed during the basin’s superimposed evolution, critically control the basin’s source-reservoir-cap rock assemblages. Consequently, two large-scale unconformity-controlled hydrocarbon play models were constructed. One model, the “Upper Wuerhe Formation-Triassic Large-Scale Overlying Sedimentary Reservoir Control Model,” has guided the discovery of three billion-ton oilfield areas: the Karamay Formation on the upper plate of fault zones, the Baikouquan Formation on the lower plate, and the Upper Wuerhe Formation on the slopes of large depressions. Significant exploration breakthroughs have also been achieved with the second model, focusing on the “Large-Scale Overlap and Erosion Zone in the Lower Permian” within hydrocarbon-rich depression slopes. This success extends to several areas, including the western slope of the Mahu Depression, the western slope of the Shawan Depression, and the slope zone of the Zhongguai Uplift.
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国家科技重大专项“准噶尔盆地深层超深层油气藏勘探开发技术集成示范(2025ZD1402600)
中国石油天然气股份有限公司重大科技专项“地层不整合油气藏成藏主控因素与关键要素定量评价技术研究”(2021DJ0405)
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