海南抱伦金矿成矿年代学研究

蔡霖 ,  许德如 ,  单强 ,  苏伟政

黄金科学技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (04) : 683 -695.

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黄金科学技术 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (04) : 683 -695. DOI: 10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2025.04.061
矿产勘查与资源评价

海南抱伦金矿成矿年代学研究

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Geochronological Study on the Baolun Gold Deposit in Hainan Island

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摘要

抱伦金矿位于海南岛西南部的尖峰岩体外接触带,是目前海南岛储量最大的高品位金矿床。针对抱伦金矿成矿时代和成因机制尚不明确的问题,选取抱伦金矿床的辉钼矿样品进行Re-Os同位素定年研究。结果表明:辉钼矿Re-Os模式年龄为(223.8~227.4)Ma,187Re-187Os等时线年龄为(224.6±7.2)Ma,表明成矿作用发生在印支期,与海南岛印支期构造、岩浆和变质作用时限相符,确定抱伦金矿为典型造山型金矿;印支期区域变质作用和岩浆活动为抱伦金矿提供了成矿流体,而区域性挤压—伸展构造转换为成矿作用提供了重要的成矿通道和空间。研究结果深化了对海南岛金矿成矿地质背景的理解,并为类似复杂构造环境下的造山型金矿找矿提供了参考模型。

Abstract

Hainan Island, located in the southern region of the South China Block, has experienced a complex tectonic evolution, notably influenced by the Triassic Indosinian orogeny, characterized by terrane collisions, magmatism, and metamorphism. Within this geological context, the Baolun gold deposit, situated in the exocontact zone of the Jianfeng granitic intrusion in southwestern Hainan and recognized as the island’s largest high-grade gold resource, has presented longstanding questions concerning its metallogenic age and genesis. To resolve these uncertainties, Re-Os isotopic dating of molybdenite extracted from auriferous quartz veins has been conducted, yielding model ages ranging from 223.8 to 227.4 Ma and an isochron age of (224.6±7.2)Ma. These results definitively constrain the mineralization to the Late Triassic Indosinian epoch, aligning it temporally with regional tectonic, magmatic, and metamorphic activities. The deposit exhibits characteristics typical of orogenic gold systems, including a compressional tectonic setting, control by crustal-scale faults, and quartz-sulfide vein mineralization. Fluid generation is attributed to devolatilization processes during Indosinian metamorphism, with additional magmatic contributions from the Jianfeng intrusion. Structural transitions from compression to extension facilitated fluid migration along shear zones and faults, ultimately leading to ore deposition. These findings not only confirm Baolun as a definitive orogenic gold deposit but also underscore the exploration potential in similar tectonic settings across Hainan. This study provides a genetic model that integrates metamorphic, magmatic, and structural controls, offering a framework for targeting such deposits in complex orogenic terranes.

Graphical abstract

关键词

成矿时代 / Re-Os同位素定年 / 辉钼矿 / 印支期 / 造山型金矿 / 抱伦金矿

Key words

mineralization ages / Re-Os isotopic dating / molybdenite / Indosinian period / orogenic gold deposit / Baolun gold deposit

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蔡霖,许德如,单强,苏伟政. 海南抱伦金矿成矿年代学研究[J]. 黄金科学技术, 2025, 33(04): 683-695 DOI:10.11872/j.issn.1005-2518.2025.04.061

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海南岛是我国重要的金多金属矿产地,代表性金矿床有抱伦、不磨、富文、抱板和王下等,金资源总量超过143 t(Xu et al,2017Yu et al,2020a)。以往研究表明,海南岛金成矿作用可能形成于印支晚期(刘玉琳等,2002舒斌等,2004),与华南地区的多期构造—岩浆演化事件大地构造背景有关(Cai et al,2017)。同时,前人对于海南岛金矿的成因提出了多种模式,包括岩浆热液型和造山型(陈柏林等,2004李明艳等,2006)。其中,造山型金矿主要形成于印支期,成矿作用与华南—印支板块早—中三叠世碰撞造山晚期应力场发生大规模转换的构造运动密切相关(Cai et al,2009唐立梅等,2013Zhang et al,2014)。岩浆热液型金矿形成于燕山期,与尖峰岭岩体的侵入及其后续的岩浆活动、构造动力体制的转换和反复的应力集中—释放过程密切相关(刘玉琳等,2002舒斌等,2004Mafra et al,2024薛建玲等,2025)。由此可知,精确限定金成矿年龄对于正确理解金成矿地球构造动力学背景和金成矿类型至关重要。
抱伦金矿床位于海南岛西部,已探明金金属资源量在80 t以上,平均金品位达10.3×10-6,是目前海南岛储量最大的高品位金矿床(Ding et al,2005Chang et al,2019)。前人对矿区成岩成矿年代学的研究表明,区内岩体包括尖峰岩体(241~249 Ma)(谢才富等,2006张小文等,2009)和抱伦岩体(105 Ma)(内部资料),此外还有少量的基性岩脉,包括辉绿岩和角闪片岩。前人采用K-Ar、Ar-Ar、Rb-Sr等时线和锆石Pb-Pb法研究发现,金成矿年龄为236~205 Ma;近矿岩浆岩中的热液锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,成矿年龄可能为119~107 Ma。由此可知,对于抱伦金矿床成矿年龄的认识仍存在分歧,制约了对该矿床成因的认识。
针对以上科学问题,在野外地质调查和岩(矿)相学分析的基础上,重点对抱伦金矿辉钼矿进行Re-Os定年,对矿区成岩成矿时代进行限定,并结合区域成岩成矿研究,剖析抱伦金矿的成因,为矿床进一步勘查工作提供参考。

1 区域地质背景

海南岛位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块与印度—澳大利亚板块的构造交会地带,其地质演化过程受特提斯构造域和环太平洋构造域的双重作用(图1)(Xu et al,2013Cai et al,2017)。晚二叠世古特提斯洋闭合期间,印支板块与华南板块东南缘(海南—云开隆起)发生碰撞,形成NE-SW向挤压构造(Ma et al,2024);而西南缘(哀牢山—南盘江地区)同期仍处于伸展背景(梁新权等,2005),导致区域应力场由伸展状态向挤压状态递进转换(Lepvrier et al,1997Chung et al,1998)。至早三叠世,印支板块北部及海南岛等地发育大规模的NNW向右行走滑剪切系统,以块体间沿巨型剪切带的水平相对运动为特征(Zhang et al,2014)。在中—晚三叠世,区域应力场松弛,进入造山后的伸展环境(唐立梅等,2013)。

在印支期,海南岛经历了强烈的构造—岩浆活动,形成了NE-NNE向构造体系。早期构造变形形成褶皱带、断裂带和韧性剪切带,其变形年龄小于230 Ma。其中,NE向格镇剪切带和冲催岭剪切带指示左行走滑主导的变形特征,其变形年龄介于227~230 Ma之间(⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar同位素测年)(陈新跃,2006)。伴随着构造活动,印支期岩浆侵入形成了广泛分布的花岗岩,主要为正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩,集中分布于海南岛中部及东南部(梁光河,2018)。海南岛侵入岩出露面积占比达51%,除印支期花岗岩之外,还包括晋宁期花岗岩(1 450 Ma,分布在岛西部)(俞受鋆等,1992马大铨等,1997Li et al,2002许德如等,2006)以及华力西—印支期和燕山期的岩浆活动产物。

海南岛构造模式以EW走向构造为主体,包括剪切带、断层、圆顶和盆地等地质构造,局部发育NE向和NW-NNW向构造。EW走向的断裂构造系统主体由4条大规模的地壳断裂构成,自北向南依次为王五—文教、昌江—琼海、尖峰—吊罗和九所—陵水断裂(Zhou et al,2006Cai,2013)。NE走向的构造包括若干短轴圆顶和盆地或凹陷,例如琼中和儋县的花岗岩圆顶和白沙盆地。除琼北裂谷盆地被新生代沉积层覆盖之外,海南岛广泛出露二叠纪、三叠纪和白垩纪花岗岩[图1(b)],琼北裂谷盆地主要充填有新生代浅湖至碎屑岩和玄武岩浅海相(海南地质调查院区调队,2004)。前新生代地层分布于3条独立的NE-SW向延伸带内(图1),包括前寒武纪变沉积片岩和片麻岩、上寒武—中奥陶统浅海碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩、下志留统深海复理石硅质碎屑岩和碳质层、二叠纪浅海碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩以及白垩纪山内红层(海南地质调查院区调队,2004,2007)。

海南岛的火山活动从中元古代延续至新生代,呈现多旋回喷发特征。新生代火山岩主要分布于海南岛北部,中生代火山岩则广泛出露于早白垩世陆相火山—沉积盆地中,如琼南同安岭等地。而更古老时期的火山岩在岛上仅零星出露,并普遍经历不同程度的变质作用改造,包括印支期之前的火山活动。受后期构造—岩浆活动影响,地层多呈“岛状”展布(图1),其中,中新生界出露最广,未遭受显著区域变质作用,而前中生界普遍发生变质。此外,海南岛东南部三亚至五指山一带还发育新太古—古元古代变质杂岩组合,主要岩性有紫苏花岗岩及伴生的斜长角闪片麻岩。该杂岩体具麻粒岩相变质特征,锆石U-Pb同位素测年为2 500 Ma,揭示海南岛可能拥有更古老的地质基底(许德如等,2007)。

2 矿床地质特征

抱伦金矿床位于华夏地块与南海地台九所—陵水断裂拼合带北侧(丁式江等,2001廖香俊等,2005Xu et al,2013),其构造位置处于华南加里东褶皱系南缘五指山褶皱带内,受控于九所—陵水断裂与尖峰—吊罗深大断裂构成的构造夹持系统[图1(b)]。区内最古老地层为中元古界抱板群,由中深变质相斜长片麻岩、混合岩和石英云母片岩构成,原岩为中酸性火山岩和陆源碎屑沉积岩,变质作用发生时间为1.60~1.45 Ga(马大铨等,1997许德如等,2006欧阳海涛,2013)。区内地层还包括下志留统陀烈组和上白垩统报万组[图2(a)]。赋矿岩层为早志留世陀烈组[图2(b)],主体为绿片岩相变质碎屑岩,岩性包括细石英砂岩、(碳质)伊利岩千枚岩和含几丁质昆虫和植物化石的粉砂岩。该组地层可划分为3个亚岩石地层段,其中中下段是抱伦金矿的主要赋矿层系。矿区地质构造复杂,发育印支期尖峰岭花岗岩类复式岩体和燕山晚期千家花岗岩类复式岩体,以及NNE、NNW向褶皱构造和NE-NNE走向断层,为含金石英脉和其他类型金矿的形成提供了赋存空间。

抱伦金矿的成矿过程可划分为3个主要阶段,即石英—硫化物阶段(Ⅰ)、石英—金—硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)和石英—碳酸盐阶段(Ⅲ),其中第Ⅱ阶段为主成矿阶段(Liu et al,2024)。石英—硫化物阶段(Ⅰ)在NNW向剪切带内形成黄铁矿—毒砂组合石英脉(丁式江等,2005Cai et al,2017),成矿温度为248~376 ℃;主成矿阶段(第Ⅱ阶段)发育金—铋矿物组合和少量辉钼矿,成矿温度为213~320 ℃;石英—碳酸盐阶段(Ⅲ)中硫化物含量较少,成矿温度为150~200 ℃,指示成矿流体演化的晚期(Liu et al,2024)。

抱伦金矿围岩蚀变类型复杂且整体较弱,以硅化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、白云母化、绿泥石化、碳酸岩化和角闪石化为特征,其中硅化与成矿关系最为密切,主要发生在含金石英脉的近矿围岩中。蚀变和矿化呈NNW向带状分布,微观上与不同阶段的矿化共生或伴生。抱伦金矿矿石类型主要包括含金蚀变岩型和含金石英脉型,以石英脉型为主。矿石矿物主要为黄铁矿和磁黄铁矿,含少量闪锌矿、方铅矿以及微量自然金、毒砂、黄铜矿、辉铋矿、辉钼矿和斜方辉铅铋矿等。脉石矿物以石英为主[图3(a)],常伴生方解石、白云母、绢云母和绿泥石等(丁式江等,2005舒斌等,2006)。辉钼矿在矿区发育较少,且历来未引起学者重视,但本次研究发现其与大量黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、金红石、毒砂、黄铜矿及辉铋矿等金属硫化物密切共生[图3(b)],矿物颗粒细小,多为鳞片状,呈钢灰色[图3(c)]。

3 样品与分析方法

3.1 样品采集

本次研究在抱伦金矿25中段沿V1-3矿体和160中段V1-6矿体分别采集3件和1件含辉钼矿的含金石英脉样品,样品均为石英—金—硫化物阶段(Ⅱ)的矿物[图3(d)],并制成光片或薄片用于岩相学观察。此外,将用于辉钼矿定年的样品原样破碎至100目,并经磁选和电磁选处理后,在双目镜下进行人工挑纯,挑纯后每个样品质量约为2 g。

3.2 分析测试方法

辉钼矿Re-Os化学分离与质谱测定工作由中国科学院广州地球化学研究所同位素年代学和地球化学国家重点实验室完成,测试分析流程参照卡洛斯管酸溶法标准流程(杜安道等,19942001),并对核心步骤进行优化。

(1)样品溶解。精密称量样品粉末,经长细颈漏斗转移至Carius管(一种高硼厚壁大玻璃安瓿瓶)底部。配制乙醇—液氮低温浴(-50~-80 ℃),将样品管浸入浴槽后依次注入185Re-190Os稀释剂、5 mL的HCl(浓度为10 mol/L)、15 mL的HNO3(浓度为16 mol/L)和3 mL的H2O2(体积浓度为30%)。待溶液冰冻后,采用丙烷火焰密封管颈,当管底溶液冰冻后,置入不锈钢套管内并转移至烘箱。待温度回到室温后,程序升温至200 ℃恒温24 h,冷却后以40 mL超纯水转移溶解液至蒸馏装置。

(2)Os同位素蒸馏分离。控制蒸馏温度为105~110 ℃,持续蒸馏50 min,OsO4蒸气经10 mL超纯水吸收后获得Os测试液。蒸馏残液转移至150 mL聚四氟乙烯烧杯中备用。

(3)Re同位素萃取富集。蒸馏残液经电热板蒸干复溶2次以调节酸度,再加入10 mL 浓度为5 mol/L的NaOH碱化体系。采用丙酮溶剂萃取法分离Re,萃取液经离心和分相后采用浓度为5 mol/L的NaOH溶液洗涤,蒸除有机相后通过阳离子交换柱去除钠离子干扰,最终以2% HNO3溶液定容供ICP-MS测试。

(4)质谱检测。使用Thermo Scientific X series 2型ICP-MS测定Re和Os同位素比值,并采用Ir和Os天然丰度对Re和Os进行在线监测和校正。同时,以GBW04436标样为外标,监控流程可靠性。

4 研究结果

4件辉钼矿样品Re含量测定数据显示,Re含量为0.1417~0.2545 μg/g,187Re含量为0.0891~0.1600 μg/g,187Os含量为0.3345~0.5975 μg/g。4个辉钼矿样品的Re和187Re含量具有良好的相关关系,且测量值的不确定度均较低,测量准确性较高。采用ISOPLOT软件将测试数据进行回归计算,拟合所得Re-Os等时线年龄为(224.6±7.2)Ma,各数据点的线性关系较好,均方加权偏差(MSWD)为1.7,与加权平均年龄(225.6±2.9)Ma在误差范围内相一致[图4(a)、4(b)]。

通过以下方程进行模式年龄的回归分析:

t=1λ1+ 187Os 187Re

式中:λ为187Re的衰变常数1.666×10-11a-1187Os为矿物中187Os的摩尔浓度(mol/g);187Re为矿物中187Re的摩尔浓度(mol/g)。实际应用中常采用质量浓度(10-9量级)进行归一化处理,以提升数据可比性。

得到4个点模式年龄值在误差范围内完全一致(表1),变化范围相对较小(223.8~227.4 Ma),且初始187Os/188Os比值为(0.002±0.0003),该值远远低于地幔Os值(Stein et al,2001),意味着样品的Re-Os系统封闭性好,说明通过辉钼矿中Re-Os法所测年龄结果可靠。综上所述,抱伦矿区辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄对应印支期,具体为晚三叠世。

5 讨论

5.1 成岩成矿时代

前人对海南岛岩浆岩和金成矿作用进行过大量成岩成矿年代学研究,采用包括锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄、锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、白云母40Ar- 39Ar年龄、黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄、绢云母40Ar-39Ar年龄和黑云母二长花岗岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄在内的多种方法(表2)。通过综合分析这些研究成果并集成绘制图5,结果显示,海南岛岩浆作用集中于印支期和燕山期。其中,印支期岩浆作用年龄峰值位于225~235 Ma区间,而燕山期岩浆作用发生在115~100 Ma。2期构造—岩浆活动均与热液金成矿作用密切相关。印支期构造—岩浆活动引发了245~224 Ma的区域性变形/变质事件(Zhang et al,2011Liu et al,2020),导致变质作用和岩浆岩的形成。燕山期岩浆作用与110~100 Ma岩浆热液型金矿形成相关(汪啸风,1991付王伟等,2014周岳强等,2020)。海南岛金成矿作用表现出2期热液活动,印支期金成矿作用发生在228~224 Ma,典型金矿床包括抱伦、戈枕和王下等,形成于变质岩中的脆—韧性剪切带内(Xu et al,2017),成矿流体以CO₂富集、低盐度(周岳强等,2020)和中温(Xu et al,2017)为标志。燕山期金成矿作用则与花岗质岩浆作用及层间滑脱断裂带的运动有关(吴传军等,2011),典型矿床富文金矿显示出高温、高盐度流体特征(陈衍景等,2007),兼具有岩浆水与大气降水混合来源(赵朝霞等,2024),属典型岩浆热液型金矿。

根据前人研究,抱伦金矿的成矿时代归属存在较大争议,主要集中在印支期和燕山期。本文运用辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线定年法,确定抱伦金矿的金成矿年龄为(224.6±7.2)Ma,与海南岛印支期岩浆作用及金成矿作用时限一致(图5)。结合区域地质背景,有学者认为抱伦金矿的形成与印支期(225~235 Ma)构造—岩浆活动存在密切联系,尤其是区域性的变形/变质事件(Zhang et al,2011Liu et al,2020)。成矿流体特征显示其富含CO₂、低盐度,并具有中等温度(Xu et al,2017周岳强等,2020),进一步印证了抱伦金矿形成于变质岩中的脆—韧性剪切带。综合上述分析,认为抱伦金矿属于造山型金矿,其成矿过程与印支期岩浆活动和变形—变质作用密切相关,为区域构造—岩浆—成矿耦合的典型产物。

5.2 与区域动力学事件的关系

海南岛自中元古代以来经历了多期构造、岩浆、变质和成矿作用(Yan et al,2017Zhang et al,2018Liu et al,2020Dilek et al,2021)。其中,印支期大地构造演化受特提斯构造域与环太平洋构造域共同影响,形成了特征性的造山带地质背景,为大规模金成矿作用提供了有利条件(陈柏林等,2004Zhou et al,2006Cai et al,2017Yan et al,2017)。

在印支期,海南岛存在大规模的造山型金成矿作用(Zhang et al,2011Xu et al,2017He et al,2018)。在印支期构造背景下,古特提斯洋闭合导致华南板块与印支板块发生碰撞,引发了强烈的挤压—伸展构造转换(Jiang et al,2015Liu et al,2020),形成大规模的剪切带和伸展构造,为金矿化提供了地质背景和成矿流体通道(Xu et al,2017),而抱伦金矿床及其他主要金矿床主要分布于与戈枕剪切带相关的变质岩中(图6)。抱伦金矿的成矿流体可能来源于变质水和岩浆水,同时混合了大气降水(舒斌等,2006Wang et al,2006),并萃取交代岩石圈地幔和变质基底中的金等成矿物质(舒斌等,2006杨念等,2009)。在构造和岩浆作用的驱动下,成矿流体沿着NNW向空旷构造带向上运移(胡国成等,2016Cai et al,2017)。在次级断裂等沉淀场所中,成矿流体受减压沸腾作用(Xu et al,2017Yu et al,2020b)、水岩反应诱发的硫化作用(Phillips et al,1983Xiong et al,2020)和流体混合引起的降温作用等机制的综合作用,沉淀成矿。

在燕山晚期,海南岛的构造演化和岩浆活动呈现出如下特征:侏罗纪岩浆活动微弱,白垩纪岩浆活动则集中于110~100 Ma(图5)(Wang et al,2012bXu et al,2016Sun et al,2018Dilek et al,2021),与古太平洋板块俯冲后的板片回撤密切相关(Dilek et al,2021Guo et al,2021),为已形成的金矿床注入热液流体,进一步促进了Au元素再富集和矿床成熟化,驱动了热液流体循环(唐立梅等,2010Wang et al,2012a),为金矿成矿提供了有利条件。海南岛地处欧亚板块、太平洋板块与印度—澳大利亚板块的交汇地带,三者叠加的复合动力学背景有效推动了成矿流体的生成与迁移。

6 结论

(1)抱伦金矿床中与载金硫化物同期的辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为(224.6±7.2)Ma,由此可精确限定该金矿床成矿时代为晚三叠世,与印支期岩浆—变质—构造变形作用同期,与古特提斯洋壳俯冲闭合及华南板块与印支板块在印支期的碰撞造山作用密切相关。

(2)海南岛在中生代存在2期金成矿作用。其中,印支期金成矿作用形成了包括抱伦在内的多个典型造山型金矿,区域挤压—伸展构造的转换为矿体提供了成矿通道和空间。在构造—岩浆活动驱动下,流体通过减压沸腾、水—岩反应等机制在次级断裂中沉淀成矿。燕山期的金成矿作用与古太平洋板块俯冲和回撤有关,为岩浆热液叠加成矿。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金重点项目“江南古陆金(多金属)大规模成矿的机理研究”(41930428)

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