In the field of geotechnical engineering,the characteristic parameters of rock mass structural planes are pivotal for the classification and quality assessment of engineering rock masses,with direct implications for project safety and stability.Traditional methods,such as field measurements and core sampling from drillings,are commonly utilized to determine the structural plane parameters necessary for evaluating rock mass quality.However,these conventional techniques are constrained by limitations,including substantial errors and vulnerability to external interferences,rendering them inadequate for the demands of detailed geological investigations.In contrast, borehole televiewer technology offers significant advantages in capturing the in-situ structural characteristics of borehole walls in underground rock masses.This technology is characterized by high precision and minimal error rates,thereby providing innovative solutions for the accurate identification of structural planes,parameter acquisition, and comprehensive evaluation of rock mass quality.This study deve-loped algorithms to accurately and efficiently determine key structural plane parameters—such as orientation characteristics,depth positions,and aperture—by analyzing spatial geometric features and planar characteristics derived from borehole wall image data obtained via borehole televiewer technology.The research critiques the limitations of the Rock Quality Designation (RQD) in engineering applications and integrates structural plane feature data from borehole wall images to propose the concept and calculation method of the Wall Rock Quality Designation (WRQD) . This approach aims to reduce human interference and mechanical disturbances in rock mass quality evaluation. Through engineering case studies,the distribution characteristics of structural plane occurrences in underground rock masses,as revealed by boreholes,were analyzed. Additionally,the variation features of RQD and WRQD across boreholes were investigated. The results indicate that WRQD values generally exceed RQD values,although localized instances were observed where WRQD values were lower than RQD.The interrelationship between the RQD value and the WRQD value is intricately associated with factors such as the types of structural planes, properties of filling materials, degree of cementation, lithology, and mechanical disturbances encountered during drilling.Utilizing empirical engineering data, an initial correlation between the RQD and WRQD values for limestone,sandy mudstone,sandstone,and granite was established,with correlation coefficients (R²) exceeding 0.83, indicating a strong fit of the data. This finding substantiates the reliability of WRQD as a basis for evaluating rock mass quality. The study has enhanced precise identification methods for rock mass structural planes and developed analytical approaches for quality characterization through borehole wall imaging.These advancements offer innovative methodologies for the detection and evaluation of underground rock masses, thereby contributing to the progress of research and practical applications in detailed engineering geological investigations.
在岩体结构面数据采集和识别分析方面,早期主要采用人工现场测绘实现地面裸露岩体的结构面获取和分析,但该方法存在效率低、主观性强,且受地形和地质条件限制。目前遥感技术(李虹江等,2024)、无人机摄影技术(杨成龙等,2024)和激光扫描技术(李杰林等,2022;张浩等,2023)等非接触式测量方法逐渐应用于岩体结构面识别,实现了大面积岩体表面结构信息的快速获取。然而,对于地下深部岩体,目前仍主要通过工程地质钻探取芯获取地下岩体结构特征,只能获取地下岩体结构面的倾角,无法获取倾向数据,且数据误差较大,地下岩体结构特征数据精确获取成为岩土工程精细化发展需解决的关键技术之一。随着光学成像技术和图像数据处理技术的不断进步,孔内电视技术成为地下深部岩体探测的重要手段,在岩体结构特征识别和探查中发挥着重要作用(李炜等,2023;孙红林等,2023)。孔内电视凭借高分辨率、实时图像传输等特点,实现了孔壁结构信息的精确获取(王益腾等,2020),其原位获取的孔壁影像数据减少了人为误差和机械干扰(Dias et al,2020;汤克轩等,2025),为岩体结构面精确识别和参数提取提供了新思路。在岩体质量特征分析方面,传统的岩体质量评价体系主要有RQD(岩体质量指标)分级体系(Deere et al,1988)、RMR分级体系(Bieniawski et al,1973)和GSI分级体系(Hoek et al,1998)等。其中,RQD在工程实践中得到了广泛应用,但存在主观性强、误差大和效率低等局限性(杨光辉等,2010;曹云等,2017),目前工程领域已逐渐认识到其局限性及对岩体质量评价的影响,但仍缺乏有效的替代方法。近年来,以大数据驱动的机器学习和深度学习等方法在工程领域取得了显著进展(宋战平等,2025),图像识别和深度学习等技术被用于岩体信息提取和分析(赵晓明等,2023;李炜等,2024)。因此,利用深度学习等技术对原位孔壁影像进行识别分析,是提高岩体质量评价准确性及工作效率的新途径。
在传统岩石质量指标(RQD)理论基础上,提出基于数字钻孔摄像技术的孔壁岩体质量指标(Wall Rock Quality Designation,WRQD)。该指标通过以下方法实现岩体完整性的定量化表征:首先在钻孔孔壁影像中选定长度区段(区段总长度可根据摄像数据质量、地质分层及工程需求等确定),随后计算该区段内大于10 cm的完整孔壁累计长度与选定区段总长度的百分比值,是一种定量描述。在实际应用中可按照以下流程和方法得到:
BieniawskiZ T, 1973. Engineering classification of jointed rock masses[J]. Transactions of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers, 15(15): 335-344.
[2]
DeereD U, DeereD W,1988. The rock quality designation (RQD) index in practice[M]//Rock classification systems for engineering purposes.Philadelphia:ASTM.
[3]
DiasL O, BomC R, FariaE L,et al,2020. Automatic detection of fractures and breakouts patterns in acoustic borehole image logs using fast-region convolutional neural networks[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,191:107099.
[4]
HoekE, MarinosP, BenissiM,1998. Applicability of the geological strength index (GSI) classification for very weak and sheared rock masses.The case of the Athens Schist Formation[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,57(2):151-160.
[5]
LovellM A, WilliamsonG, HarveyP K, 1999. Borehole imaging:applications and cases histories[M]. London: The Geological Society Special Publication.
CaoYun, LiShulin, LinKaifan,2017.Discussion about how to determine the value of rock core during calculating the RQD value of rock mass[J].Mining Research and Development,37(12):18-22.
GeYunfeng, ZhongPeng, TangHuiming,et al,2019.Intelligent measurement on geometric information of rock discontinuities based on borehole image[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,40(11):4467-4476.
YuXinzuo, MaJia,et al,2024.Information extraction of dangerous rock mass on high and steep slopes based on fusion of multi-source remote sensing data[J/OL].Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology:1-16.(2024-02-27).
LiJielin, BaiDewei, YangChengye,et al,2022.Recognition and stability analysis of underground tunnel rock mass structural plane based on 3D laser scanning point cloud data[J].Gold Science and Technology,30(3):343-351.
LiWei, LiuGeng, GeYunfeng,et al,2024.Detection of rock discontinuities in borehole images based on a deep learning method[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,32(3):702-720.
LiWei, ZhangZhanrong, HuangGuoliang,et al,2023.Quality evaluation of the underground rock mass quality based on borehole multi-attribute test[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,20(1):63-71.
SongZhanping, YangZifan, ZhangYuwei,et al,2025.Application status and prospects of deep learning in tunnels and underground engineering[J].Tunnel Construction,45(2):221-255.
SunHonglin, LiWei, ZhangZhanrong,et al,2023.Research on evaluation of engineering geological information of underground rock and soil masses based on multi-attribute test in holes[J].Safety and Environmental Engineering,30(4):62-69,77.
TangKexuan, ZhaoJixiang, LiuDongchen,et al,2025.Application of borehole TV in the exploration of water conservancy project[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Geophysics,22(1):31-40.
WangYiteng, WangChuanying, ZouXianjian,et al,2020.Study on the morphology description method of borehole wall profile line and its application based on borehole camera technology[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,39():3412-3420.
WuJin, WuShunchuan, WangTao, et al, 2024. Deep learning-based method for rock discontinuity recognition in complex stratum borehole images[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University(Science and Technology), 64(7): 1136-1146.
YangChenglong, GouHuijuan,2024.Identification of fractured loose rock mass structural surfaces based on UAV oblique photography and 3D point cloud technology[J].Journal of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering,22(5):24-29.
YangGuanghui, MaoHuilong,2010.Discussion on the problems in the application of rock quality designation(RQD)[J].Geote-chnical Investigation and Surveying,38():158-160.
ZhangHao, LiQing, QiuShili,et al,2023.Application of three-dimensional laser scanning in extracting rock mass structure information of tunnel[J].Gold Science and Technology,31(2):313-322.
ZhaoXiaoming, LiXiang, LiJielin,et al,2023.Research on“Manual+Semi-automatic”identification me-thod and application of roadway rock mass structural plane[J].Gold Science and Technology,31(5):773-784.
[36]
中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部,2015. 工程岩体分级标准 GB/T 50218-2014 [S].北京:中国计划出版社. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China,2015.Standard for engineering classification of rock mass:GB/T 50218-2014 [S].Beijing:China Planning Press.
ZhuHehua, PanBingyi, WuWei,et al,2023.Review on collection and extraction methods of rock mass discontinuity information[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,31(6):1339-1360.