To examine the mechanical properties and energy evolution of dolomite subjected to dry-wet cycles and cyclic loading and unloading, a series of conventional compression tests were conducted using the MTS 815.04 test system. These tests were performed under varying confining pressures, specifically utilizing 0.3σc, 0.5σc, and 0.8σc as the upper limits of the tertiary stress for hierarchical cyclic loading and unloading. The lower limit of the stress amplitude was set at 1 MPa, and the cyclic loading and unloading frequency was maintained at 0.8 Hz, with 30 cycles executed at each stress level. Triaxial cyclic loading and unloading tests were conducted on dolomite samples that had undergone different numbers of dry-wet cycles to analyze and discuss the stress-strain curves, peak strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, energy evolution, and energy consumption ratio characteristics. The findings indicate that the stress-strain curves of dolomite subjected to dry-wet cycles exhibit a concave and non-linear nature, with hysteresis loops resembling a “curved moon” shape. Under cyclic loading and unloading, the peak strength surpasses that observed in conventional compression at identical confining pressures, with enhancements of 11.69%, 12.81%, and 17.43%, respectively. The peak strength increases with rising confining pressure but decreases as the number of dry-wet cycles increases. Although total deterioration intensifies with more dry-wet cycles, the rate of increase diminishes, indicating a gradual weakening of the deterioration effect. The dynamic modulus of elasticity exhibits variable changes across different stress levels, showing a strengthening phase at a 0.3σc stress level and a weakening phase at 0.5σc and 0.8σc stress levels. Both total and elastic energies demonstrate a characteristic stepwise increase with escalating stress levels, with the highest energy dissipation ratio occurring during the first cycle at any given stress level. The mean energy dissipation ratio rises with increasing confining pressure, the number of dry-wet cycles, and stress levels. The findings of this study offer a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanical properties of rocks in complex environments, and has great reference significance for the disaster prevention and control of mine slopes.
为探究干湿循环和循环加卸载作用下岩石的力学特性,国内外学者开展了诸多试验,取得了若干研究进展。早在20世纪50年代,研究人员通过开展室内试验,认为气质崩解和胶体物质消散是岩石遇水崩解的两大机理。目前对于干湿循环条件下岩石力学特性的研究仍以室内试验方法为主,部分学者通过开展干湿循环后红砂岩的常规三轴试验(姚华彦等,2010;张培森等,2021;Chen et al,2023),系统研究了红砂岩的弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角等力学参数的变化规律。干湿循环作用的影响因素众多,一些学者研究了不同干湿循环次数对岩石强度的影响(刘鹏程等,2020),结果表明:岩石强度随着干湿循环次数的增加而降低,且在第一次干湿循环后降幅最大。Tang et al(2018)认为当干湿循环次数超过某一特性值时,岩石强度并不会一直下降,而是最终趋近于一个稳定值。还有学者研究了水—岩的物理作用、化学作用和力学作用对岩石的影响,包括以砂岩作为研究对象的干湿循环水—岩作用试验(邓华锋等,2012;傅晏等,2017),结合干湿循环和声发射特性,分析砂岩的力学参数和声发射特征(Meng et al,2020),并研究不同含水状态下岩石的力学特性(Hale et al,2003;周宇等,2024),结果表明:干湿循环作用会促进岩石的损伤发展,劣化岩石的力学性能,是岩石内部微裂隙生长和扩展的重要原因。在循环荷载方面,相关研究表明循环荷载是随时间变化且重复的信号,其影响因素包括加载波形、循环次数、应力振幅、应力上下限和频率等(王者超等,2012;王瑞红等,2023)。近年来,为研究循环加卸载条件下岩石力学特性,研究人员开展了循环试验,但研究对象多为单轴循环荷载下的脆性岩石,并未考虑围压的影响(徐速超等,2009;赵博等,2021;Liu et al,2023)。然而,实际工程中岩体往往处于三向受力状态(Ma et al,2013),因此部分学者设计了三轴循环试验,开展了不同围压的三轴循环加卸载试验(黄正均等,2018;赵军等,2020),认为岩石的侧向膨胀在疲劳损伤演化中起主导作用,且岩石的弹性模量和泊松比随着围压的变化呈现先增大后减小的趋势。对于岩石在循环加卸载条件下的力学行为,还可以从能量的角度进行探讨,如通过三轴循环加卸载试验研究了页岩的强度特性和能量演化特征(Li et al,2022),结果表明耗能比—应变曲线呈“勺形”演化特征。
岩石是由天然地质材料组成的,其内部充满了各种缺陷,包括预先存在的微裂纹(Zhang et al,2024)。在外加应力作用下,这些微裂纹逐渐扩展为局部裂缝,最终合并、贯通,导致周围岩体产生失稳现象。岩石的破坏机制与能量转换密切联系,岩石在荷载作用下的变形与破坏过程,实际上是能量相互转化的过程。假设试验是在一个孤立的系统中进行的,荷载作用过程中不存在与外界的热交换,根据能量守恒定律,岩石中的总能量在整个过程中保持恒定。对于岩石而言,外界所输入的总能量U转化为可恢复的弹性能Ue和不可恢复的耗散能Ud(王梦想等,2024),总能量U计算公式为
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