The transition from open-pit deep mining to underground mining presents significant challenges in managing ground pressure and ensuring production safety due to the nonlinear deformation of the overlying rock and its roof. To investigate the stability of high, steep rock slopes at varying angles, as well as the dynamic deformation, failure characteristics, and evolution ary patterns of the roof and overlying rock in underground mines, the open-pit to underground filling method employed at Kunyang Phosphate Mine No. 2 was selected as the focus of this study. A 200-meter high steep slope model was developed through a combination of field investigations, laboratory rock mechanics tests, and MatDEM numerical simulations. The study examined stress and displacement variations of the slope at three different angles —35 °, 45 °, and 55 °—in addition to analyzing the dynamic stress and displacement of the underground mining area’s roof and overlying rock, there by elucidating their evolutionary patterns. The findings of the study demonstrate that during the transition from open-pit to underground filling mining, the displacement of the mining area’s roof evolves dynamically from localized settlement to a comprehensive settlement of the overlying rock, particularly during the backfilling of the mining pillar. An “elliptical arch” subsidence zone, centered on the stope and oriented perpendicular to the ore layer’s dip direction, progressively enlarges as the working face advances. The range of stress disturbance during the backfilling and filling of the mining room extends from the roof of the mining area to encompass the entire overlying rock during the backfilling and filling of the mining pillars. The stress variations within the mining site are dynamically modulated by the mining face, undergoing four primary stages: stress redistribution, stress concentration, filling pressure adjustment, and stress equilibrium. The mining activities have induced a parabolic vertical displacement curve at the slope waist, resulting in varying degrees of tensile fracture damage. Consequently, the displacement at the slope waist has significantly decreased, leading to the occurrence of small-scale landslides. The study observed differential unloading phenomena at the midsection of the slope, with stress initially decreasing before subsequently increasing. The overlying rock of stope and the roof both exhibit a pattern where a larger slope angle leads to a greater range of displacement and subsidence, as well as an increased variation in stress. The findings offer valuable insights for transitioning open-pit mines to underground mining under similar occurrence conditions.
露天矿山经过几十年持续高强度的开采,大多数已进入深凹开采阶段或地下开采阶段(Xue et al,2023)。露天矿山进入深凹开采阶段后,边坡高度持续增大,采矿运输距离显著增加,边坡安全系数降低,开采成本不断攀升,致使露天开采的多重优势逐渐丧失,综合效益显著下降(李小双等,2019)。这些因素迫使露天矿逐步由深凹开采阶段转入地下开采阶段,在此过程中,地下采场覆岩及其顶板的非线性变形给矿山地压管理和生产安全带来了严峻挑战,因此研究露天转地下开采过程中的采场和边坡稳定性具有重要意义。
在露天转地下开采过程中,隔离矿柱与境界矿柱的厚度设计须满足全生命周期承载需求,其结构完整性直接关联地下采场系统的长期稳定性,隔离顶柱和境界矿柱的稳定性能够最大程度地保障工程的安全性(Kumar et al,2017)。根据各类隔离矿柱宽度的计算方法,结合昆阳磷矿二矿的工程地质背景与具体计算参数,选用K.B.鲁佩涅伊特公式(秦予辉等,2010)计算隔离矿柱尺寸,表示为
二阶段矿柱回采充填过程中,当采场覆岩的岩体结构稳定性较差,覆岩变形率较大时,采场顶板不会产生附加应力,覆岩应力在回采时得到释放,在这种情况下,采场顶板发生片帮、离层和冒落等现象,采空区顶板发生沉降,应力值出现波谷(Tian et al,2024)。当采场覆岩的稳定性较好时,采空区顶板沉降量较小,应力主要集中在两侧的充填体或未回采的矿柱上,应力值会出现波峰。充填法开采过程中岩体的应力变化是一个动态的过程,可以将岩体应力变化划分为4个阶段,分别是开采初期的应力释放阶段、应力集中阶段、应力传递阶段和应力平衡阶段。
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