Platinum group metals (PGMs) have gained prominence as globally strategic critical minerals due to their dual characteristics of industrial utility and investment value. In China, the scarcity of PGMs resources and the country’s significant reliance on external sources pose both theoretical and practical challenges for academia and industry. Traditional analyses of industry chain s often focus on the existing structure of a single chain. In contrast, this research adopts a complex network approach, examining the layers of spatial resource distribution, financial investment in mining, and international mineral trade. By constructing a global industry perspective of PGMs and analyzing global trade data for four representative PGMs products from 1990 to 2023, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the trade patterns and evolution of these products from an industrial standpoint. The findings reveal that the trade network for PGMs was relatively straightforward in its early stages. Over time, the capacity of the global PGMs trade system has expanded, leading to increasingly interconnected trade links among nations. Resource-rich countries such as South Africa and Russia continue to exert substantial control over the primary supply of resources necessary for mining production. In contrast, developed nations like the United Kingdom and the United States maintain dominance in the PGMs trade through their extensive global holdings of mineral rights and sophisticated financial trading mechanisms. Additionally, the global PGMs trade network demonstrates characteristics of a homologous network, and the trend towards anti-globalization has exacerbated conflicts between regional cooperation organizations and the global mineral resources trade. This research provides a theoretical foundation and practical insights for China to formulate trade policies related to PGMs, establish a stable trade cooperation network, select suitable trade partners, and mitigate risks associated with the industrial supply chain.
矿产资源因其固有的禀赋特征,决定了其在全球产业网络中的最初始地位。矿产资源从地下资源采掘出来成为地上资源之后,便经由贸易网络进入人类经济社会的各个领域,整个矿产资源产业构成一个复杂的网络系统(王文宇等,2021;王永中等,2023;邢佳韵等,2023)。传统研究常将贸易网络抽离出全球产业视角单独进行分析,无法充分反映支撑全球产业价值链中各个国家(地区)之间的相互作用,也忽视了产业的整体性(郭世泽,2012;王文宇等,2021)。从资源出口国到资源进口国,国家(地区)之间因资源贸易关系相互依存和联系形成的复杂网络,使得国家(地区)不可能脱离全球其他国家(地区)而独立运转和封闭运行(刘明宇等,2012;王文宇等,2021;Tang et al,2023)。只要没有新替代矿物,国际间的铂族金属贸易就不会停止。当然,铂族金属的贸易全球化也会受到资源禀赋、地缘政治和经济金融等众多因素的影响,但其全球贸易系统的效率和稳定性很大程度依赖于其自身的网络结构(成丽红等,2021;Tang et al,2023)。
各类资源的产业链供应链交会构成了全球经济体系的基础组成部分,特别是在矿产资源领域,其涵盖了从勘探、开采、加工到最终的产品销售等多个环节,并构成一个复杂的产业网络。对于依赖矿产资源的国家(地区),矿产资源产业网络的有效性直接影响着资源的全球供应稳定性和分配效率,理解并优化矿产资源的产业网络对于确保资源的可持续性至关重要(Jiang et al,2018;安海忠等,2022;沈立等,2022)。当前,随着全球产业网络间各主体的相互依存度不断加深,铂族金属等战略性矿产资源的产业链供应链呈现出更加复杂的网络特征,不再局限于单一维度的链式关系(刘明宇等,2012;钟维琼等,2018)。
铂族金属矿产资源在全球范围内分布广泛,但主要集中在特定的地质构造区域,如南非、俄罗斯、津巴布韦和北美等国家(地区),这些地区拥有丰富的铂族金属矿床,既是全球重要的铂族金属资源储量基地,又是全球重要的铂族金属生产基地,影响着全球铂族金属市场(Gunn et al,2009;包顿等,2018;王丰翔等,2022)。对铂族金属的资源地理和资源储量等空间分布特征进行研究,可揭示铂族金属全球产业网络中不同地理区域的空间依赖性程度,识别关键地区和资源集中度。全球铂族金属的矿产资源空间分布概况如表1所示。
根据铂族金属全生命周期的流向,将前文3个图层进行聚合,可构建出一个铂族金属全球产业视角。在这个立体的全球产业视角中,其层间节点和层间联系相互依赖,具有空间、投资和贸易3种依赖特性(Schneider et al,2006;Barrat,2008)。另外,基于铂族金属全球产业视角,抽取并整理出的拓扑网络可从点和线的层面进行深入剖析,如投资节点表示资本、技术和人力资源等要素的投资行为,投资节点的度中心性等指标代表在产业网络中的重要性和贡献度,较高的投资依赖性也意味着产业网络对投资要素的供给和流动具有较高的依赖程度(Xi et al,2020;刘林青等,2021;沈曦等,2022)。铂族金属全球产业视角示意图,如图5所示。铂族金属全球产业视角中,其多维结构是由刻画的3个图层聚合构建,象征价值流动的节点和连线,将铂族金属的资源空间分布、矿业金融投资和矿产国际贸易构建成一个互联互通的复杂全球产业。值得注意的是,贸易节点与其他节点之间的连接背后是铂族金属的全球贸易关系和资源流动,使得矿产国际贸易图层在铂族金属全球产业网络中有着最为丰富的层间结构和层间交互信息(刘林青等,2021)。
节点度的选择性关联为节点度相关性,在铂族金属典型产品的全球贸易网络中,平均邻居度代表了贸易网络中一个给定节点的贸易伙伴多少,通过测量其随节点度的变化趋势可以得到节点的度相关性特征。当相关度高的节点倾向于与相关度高的节点相连接时,网络为同配网络(Tang et al,2023;尹潇潇等,2024)。反之,当相关度高的节点倾向于与相关度低的节点相连接时,则网络为异配网络。铂族金属典型产品的全球贸易网络中节点平均邻居度大多为0~2,这意味着部分贸易节点是孤立或没有出度,或出度很小。然而,从1995年开始,节点不断增多且平均邻居度开始有更多变化趋势,平均邻居度整体上随时间的推移而增大,说明全球铂族金属贸易网络为同配网络,贸易伙伴较多的国家倾向于与贸易伙伴较多的国家建立铂族金属贸易。这可能是由于地理相近、资源相似或经济合作等因素,部分地区的国家倾向于与该地区的中心枢纽国家开展铂族金属贸易,进而形成以该地区资源控制强的国家为中心的区域合作组织,如南非和俄罗斯曾尝试建立类似于石油的“欧佩克型铂族金属贸易组织”(Hao et al,2019;Georgitzikis et al,2023)。
复杂网络科学中常用社区发现算法识别网络中具有较高内部连接密度,但与其他部分连接较少的子群体社区。通过下载Louvain算法程序包,基于模块度最大化,将网络节点分配到最大化模块度的社区中,通过社区发现算法并结合前述提取的贸易主干结构,识别出铂族金属4类典型产品贸易网络中的组团,并对组团结构进行可视化,其中的节点代表国家(地区),相同颜色节点归属于同一组团,节点大小与贸易总数成正比。另外,边代表国家(地区)的贸易联系,颜色与目标节点一致,粗细与贸易量成正比(Newman et al,2004;计启迪等,2021)。铂族金属典型产品全球贸易网络的组团如表10所示。
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