The engineering challenges associated with instability in rock slope excavation due to unloading effects have become increasingly significant. Traditional stability assessments frequently neglect the dynamic deterioration of the mechanical properties of rock masses during the unloading process. This study aims to elucidate the impact of unloading magnitude on the shear strength parameters of rock masses and their corresponding engineering response behaviors. To achieve this, graded unloading tests were conducted on three distinct rock types. The results indicate that an increase in the magnitude of single-step unloading results in an exponential decline in rock cohesion and internal friction angle, with the coefficient of determination(R²) for the exponential fit ranging from 0.944 to 1.000. Additionally, substantial variations in the amplitude of parameter degradation were observed across different lithologies. The study confirms that the strength of rock masses is influenced by both the strength of structural planes and the intrinsic strength of the rock itself. Utilizing the Hoek-Brown strength criterion and an analysis of data from 110 hydropower projects, a significant power-law relationship was identified between the rock mass disturbance factor (D) and the cumulative unloading amount (A). The results of the analysis suggest that 66% of the cumulative unloading amount can be considered an empirical threshold. A revised methodology was developed for calculating the rock mass disturbance factor (D), which incorporates the effects of unloading specifically for Class Ⅲ and Ⅳ rock masses. This method reveals a power-law relationship between the magnitude of unloading and the disturbance factor (D), indicating that lower Geological Strength Index (GSI) values are associated with increased sensitivity to disturbances induced by unloading. Through a comparative analysis of representative slope engineering cases, the evaluation methodology that incorporates excavation techniques and unloading effects offers a more accurate reflection of engineering realities. The findings of this research furnish a theoretical foundation for optimizing rock slope excavation design and conducting precise stability assessments.
开挖卸荷是工程建设过程中直接影响边坡岩体的重要环节。在开挖卸荷过程中,岩体内部应力状态发生变化,卸载扰动导致的岩体强度劣化直接影响边坡的稳定性(Li et al,2010;Li et al,2012;陈立强等,2022),对工程建设和人民生命财产安全构成严重威胁。研究发现,在开挖过程中由于受卸荷扰动,岩体强度参数并非常数,而是与卸荷量大小成反比(李建林等,2001),因此,深入探究开挖卸荷量对边坡岩体扰动程度的影响,具有重要的理论和现实意义。
在岩体工程稳定性评价中,Hoek-Brown强度准则能够综合反映岩块强度和结构面特征,因而得到广泛应用(朱合华等,2013),准则中的岩体扰动因子D是表征开挖扰动对岩体质量影响的关键参数(Demirdogen et al,2024)。目前,关于D的取值多依赖于基于开挖方式的工程经验定值(Feng et al,2018;陈祖煜等,2020),尚无法量化开挖过程中卸荷量对岩体扰动程度的动态影响。事实上,不同卸荷量级引发的岩体损伤累积差异显著,采用静态经验值的D往往难以精准反映卸荷岩体的真实力学状态。
为兼顾岩体参数演化规律的准确性和数值计算的稳定性,采用Hoek-Brown强度准则结合岩体扰动因子D求取不同卸荷量下的岩体抗剪强度,再将等效抗剪强度参数引入 Mohr-Coulomb模型中进行数值模拟。Hoek-Brown准则能够反映卸荷扰动引起的非线性强度退化过程,而Mohr-Coulomb模型则是大部分数值模拟软件支持的本构模型,计算效率高、参数明确且易于工程实现。此种计算方式已被广泛应用于岩体边坡和隧道等工程中(Kumar et al,2019),在保持数值求解稳定性的同时,能够较好地反映岩体强度随卸荷量变化的工程实际。
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