In engineering disciplines such as mining and tunnel excavation, the orientation and length of joints, along with variations in coupling media for explosive charging, substantially influence the propagation trajectory of blast-induced fractures in rock masses and the resultant damage distribution. This study utilizes the LS-DYNA finite element software to conduct specialized simulation research, aiming to precisely investigate the mechanisms by which these factors exert their influence. The research provides theoretical support for optimizing engineering blasting strategies. Initially, a two-dimensional numerical model of double-hole blasting in jointed rock masses is developed, detailing fundamental parameters such as model dimensions, mechanical properties of the rock mass, and borehole spacing. The study concentrates on analyzing the distribution characteristics of blast pressure and the changes in displacement vectors at 80 microseconds post-blasting in short-jointed rock masses with varying dip angles, specifically when shear-thickening fluid STFⅢ is employed as the coupling medium. Building upon this foundation, the study conducts a comparative analysis of the effects of three blasting schemes—fully coupled blasting, decoupled blasting with STFⅢ, and decoupled blasting with water as the coupling medium—on crack propagation in jointed rock masses. Utilizing LS-PrePost post-processing software, the study quantitatively evaluates blast-induced damage under varying explosive charging configurations, based on damage cloud diagrams of jointed rock mass blasting. By introducing the critical failure volume as a central evaluation metric and integrating stress variations with crack evolution patterns in the rock mass, the study delineates the blasting failure process of jointed rock masses into four distinct stages: crack initiation, crack development, crack coalescence, and rock mass failure. This approach systematically elucidates the evolutionary mechanism of blast-induced damage. The findings reveal that peak blast pressure increases with the joint dip angle, whereas peak blast displacement initially rises and subsequently declines as the joint dip angle increases. In comparison to joints with other dip angles, those with a 0° dip angle exert the least influence on blast-induced stress and displacement distribution, closely resembling the behavior of intact rock masses. When other conditions remain constant, both the damaged unit area and the critical volume fraction of the rock mass initially increase and subsequently decrease with an increasing dip angle, peaking at a dip angle of 60° and reaching a minimum at 0°. Rock masses with longer joints(0.630 m) experience more significant damage at joint dip angles of 30°, 60° and 90° compared to those with shorter joints(0.315 m). Among different coupling media, STFⅢ results in the most severe damage to the rock mass, demonstrating higher energy transfer efficiency compared to water-coupled and fully coupled blasting methods. These findings provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the stability of jointed rock masses in engineering blasting, optimizing blasting parameters, and designing borehole layouts. They also offer guidance for the on-site selection of efficient coupling media, such as STFⅢ, based on the characteristics of joint development, thereby enhancing blasting energy utilization and fragmentation effects, while ensuring the safety and economic efficiency of blasting operations.
自然界中多数岩体含有由构造活动或风化作用形成的节理和裂隙等不连续面,致使岩体呈现不连续、非均质及各向异性特征,其弹性模量、波速及强度等力学性能被显著削弱(Zhang,2016)。在钻爆法开挖过程中,此类固有结构面会显著影响爆炸应力波的传播和衰减过程,加剧爆破能量耗散,干扰爆破裂纹的起裂、扩展和贯通,进而诱发一系列次生爆破危害(汪海波等,2018;Yang et al,2018),最终改变岩体内裂纹扩展形态和破碎块度分布,甚至导致岩体损伤进入不可预测、不可控状态,引发工程安全隐患和经济损失,对后续施工工序造成不利影响(Xue et al,2022)。
针对上述节理岩体爆破过程中存在的问题,研究人员围绕节理岩体爆破的应力波传播与裂纹扩展机理开展了系列系统性研究。节理闭合度和充填条件是影响应力波在裂隙面反射、透射行为的关键因素,这一结论由Obert et al(1960)于20世纪60年代揭示,为该领域后续研究奠定了坚实基础。21世纪初至2010年前后,研究向理论推导和数值模拟深度延伸:一方面通过LS-DYNA与UDEC耦合数值模拟方法,明确了典型节理岩体爆破致裂演化规律及装药密度、地应力等关键因素的影响机制(Wang et al,2009);另一方面通过建立爆破应力波传播方程,阐明了应力波在节理处的反射与透射规律,进一步完善了相关理论体系(Li et al,2010)。2010年以后,研究呈现精细化、多元化发展,明确了小尺寸节理对应力波散射的影响规律(李夕兵,2014),证实了大尺度节理可显著削弱爆炸应力波强度并发挥类似自由面的阻滞作用(张凤鹏等,2016;Yu et al,2021),室内爆破试验进一步揭示了节理对爆破裂纹扩展的阻滞效应及相关参数变化规律,为理论与数值模拟研究提供了可靠的实验支撑(杨仁树等,2017)。随着机理研究的不断深入,降低节理对爆破效果的不利影响成为研究重点,不耦合装药爆破技术为该问题的解决提供了技术参考(龚玖等,2018;杨跃宗等,2018)。2021年至今,作为不耦合装药爆破核心的耦合介质成为研究热点。研究表明,耦合介质物理性质与不耦合系数的合理匹配直接决定爆破能量传递效率与岩体破碎效果,不同耦合介质因波阻抗与可压缩性差异表现出不同的能量传递特性(金鹏等,2021;李桐等,2021;Liu et al,2023),提升爆破能量利用率是节理岩体爆破优化的核心(Zhang et al,2023;蒋长春等,2024),而全耦合装药在节理岩体中的应用局限也通过试验与模拟得到验证,为耦合介质优化选型提供了重要参考(Li et al,2022;邱泓杰等,2024)。
RHT模型是一种适用于岩石类脆性材料的先进拉压损伤模型。该模型采用Mie-Greisen形式描述压力状态,结合多项式Hugoniot曲线与p-α压实关系,其强度准则通过3个应力极限面来表征:初始弹性屈服面、破坏面和残余摩擦面(Borrvall et al,2009)。在RHT模型中,材料在应力达到初始屈服面之前表现为弹性行为;超过该屈服面后,材料进入塑性变形阶段并开始线性硬化。当应力达到破坏面上的极限强度时,参数化损伤模型开始控制损伤的萌生与发展,损伤随塑性应变逐步积累。在后续非弹性加载过程中,材料强度随损伤演化持续衰减,直至达到残余摩擦面所对应的残余强度,此时材料被视作完全破坏。
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