Research on the Differential Alteration and Controlling Mechanisms of Pyrr-hotite in the Erdaodianzi Gold Deposit and the Hongqiling Cu-Ni Sulfide Deposit in Jilin Province
1.College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin, China
2.Ministry of Natural Resources Technology Innovation Center for Deep Gold Resources Exploration and Mining, No. 6 Geological Team of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Weihai 264209, Shandong, China
3.Institute of Disaster Prevention, Langfang 065201, Hebei, China
The differential alteration of pyrrhotite serves as a crucial indicator for elucidating the evolution of the physicochemical conditions of ore-forming fluids. To discern the internal(crystal structure) and external(physicochemical conditions) factors influencing its alteration behavior, this study focused on the Hongqiling Cu-Ni sulfide deposit (characterized by magmatic segregation with unaltered pyrrhotite) and the Erdaodianzi gold deposit(a mesothermal magmatic-hydrothermal type with significantly altered pyrrhotite) in Jilin Province. Employing a comprehensive suite of methodologies, including the magnetic colloid method, electron probe microanalysis(EPMA), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and thermodynamic modeling, we conducted a comparative analysis of the alteration characteristics and controlling factors of pyrrhotite in these two deposits. The findings indicate that pyrrhotite in both deposits is predominantly monoclinic and exhibits similar major and trace elements compositions, thereby excluding differences in crystal structure as the primary factor governing the observed alteration divergence. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that temperature and sulfur fugacity() are the primary factors influencing alteration behavior. The Hongqiling deposit was formed under high-temperature (300~500 ℃) and high sulfur fugacity (lg≈-21.2 to -13.9) conditions, which inhibited the transformation of pyrrhotite to pyrite/marcasite. Conversely, the Erdaodianzi deposit developed under medium to low temperature(210~350 ℃) and low sulfur fugacity(lg≈-24.4 to -18.7) conditions, which facilitated the alteration of pyrrhotite. Additionally, multiple stages of hydrothermal overprinting and supergene oxidation in the Erdaodianzi deposit further intensified the alteration process. This study confirms that physicochemical conditions and post-ore modifications, rather than crystal structure, are the primary determinants of differential pyrrhotite alteration. Furthermore, this alteration process modifies the chemical properties of the hydrothermal fluid, thereby creating favorable conditions for the precipitation and enrichment of gold in the Erdaodianzi gold deposit.
磁黄铁矿作为常见的硫化物矿物,因其特殊的晶体结构和化学组分而广泛分布于各类内生矿床中,尤其是在铜镍硫化物矿床(如岩浆熔离型矿床)和火山成因块状硫化物矿床(VMS)中(张小普,2021)。磁黄铁矿常与磁铁矿、黄铜矿和镍黄铁矿等矿物构成特征性矿物组合(梁学谦,1984;王晓,2017),这种共生关系为理解矿床成因和成矿流体演化提供了关键矿物学证据。磁黄铁矿的Fe/S比值变化(0.80~0.95)及其结构缺陷特征使其对物理化学条件变化极为敏感,成为研究矿床形成过程、热液叠加改造及表生蚀变效应的理想对象(梁冬云等,1997;洪秋阳等,2011;沈洪涛等,2022)。近年来,随着高精度分析测试技术(如LA-ICP-MS等)的发展和矿产资源绿色开发需求的提升,磁黄铁矿的蚀变行为及其对金属元素富集的影响成为矿床学和矿物学研究的前沿课题。然而,现有研究多局限于单一类型矿床,对不同成因矿床中磁黄铁矿蚀变行为的系统性对比及主控机制的甄别仍显薄弱(Kolahdoozan et al,1996;Becker et al,2010;白丽梅等,2015;Tang et al,2022),特别是关于蚀变究竟受控于晶体结构还是物理化学条件等主控因素存在争议,严重制约了对磁黄铁矿形成过程的完整理解。
二道甸子金矿床位于华北克拉通北缘东段[图1(a)],隶属夹皮沟—海沟金矿带西北段[图1(b)](鲍继文等,2007;孙英华等,2016),成因类型为中温岩浆热液石英脉型金矿(张文启等,1996;Miao et al,2005;杨群,2016,2020;Li et al,2025)。矿石主要呈脉状[图2(a)]、网脉状、浸染状[图2(b)]和团块状[图2(c)]构造,主要金属矿物有毒砂、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、白铁矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、自然金和银金矿等[图2(d)~2(l)]。金属矿物多呈自形—半自形晶粒状[图2(d)]、交代[图2(i)]和固溶体分离结构。围岩蚀变发育硅化、绢云母化和绿泥石化,其中硅化和绢云母化与金矿化关系密切。根据脉体穿切关系、矿物组合、矿物交生关系及围岩蚀变特征,将二道甸子金矿床成矿作用初步划分为3个期次和4个成矿阶段[图2(a)~2(c)]。早期热液期(Ⅰ期)[图2(a)]:石英—粗粒毒砂—黄铁矿阶段,形成于成矿早期,为金的预富集阶段,此阶段尚未出现磁黄铁矿。主成矿期(Ⅱ期)[图2(b)]:可划分为2个阶段,Ⅱ₁阶段形成石英—磁黄铁矿—黄铜矿组合,磁黄铁矿开始大量出现,部分参与金的吸附与富集;Ⅱ₂阶段发育石英—磁黄铁矿—自然金—方铅矿—闪锌矿组合,为金的主要沉淀阶段,磁黄铁矿发生初步蚀变。晚期热液期(Ⅲ期)[图2(c)]:形成石英—方解石—黄铁矿(白铁矿)组合,磁黄铁矿进一步蚀变为白铁矿,金未发生明显富集。第Ⅱ阶段是二道甸子金矿床的主要成矿阶段,该阶段的磁黄铁矿蚀变特征显著[图2(h)~2(j)],多呈粒状集合体、脉状及包裹体形态产出,与自然金、硫化物矿物及脉石矿物形成紧密共生关系,Au元素空间分布具强烈非均匀性。
红旗岭铜镍硫化物矿床中的磁黄铁矿主要赋存于辉长岩和橄榄岩等基性—超基性岩体中,呈浸染状、斑点状或块状分布(袁顺达等,2012;Han et al,2014;刘默等,2017;Zhao et al,2018;Xu et al,2023;Chen et al,2024)。偏光显微镜下,红旗岭矿床磁黄铁矿多呈他形粒状,部分为半自形粒状,粒度一般为0.1~2.0 mm,集合体粒度可达5 mm以上[图3(c)、3(d)]。因未受后期明显改造,磁黄铁矿多保持原生形态,与镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿呈共生关系,镍黄铁矿常以乳滴状和叶片状包裹于磁黄铁矿中,黄铜矿则多沿磁黄铁矿粒间或裂隙分布,无交代溶蚀结构,也无白铁矿和褐铁矿等次生矿物生成,局部可见因岩体冷凝收缩形成的细小裂纹,表明其自形成后未发生明显蚀变[图3(c)、3(d)]。
铬酸盐饱和液浸蚀法是矿物磁性胶体分析中广泛采用的标准试验方法。该胶体体系本质特征为含有黑色铁磁性微粒的稳定胶体溶液(van Ewijk et al,1999;任会学等,2017)。研究表明,单斜晶系磁黄铁矿相较于其六方晶系变体表现出更强的磁性。当进行胶体浸润处理时,单斜相可吸附更大量的胶粒(赵冠飞,2022),从而导致其光反射率衰减幅度显著高于六方相(陈殿芬,1995)。显微观测显示在滴加磁性胶体后,胶体微粒选择性地在单斜相表面快速富集,由此产生的显著形态学反差使晶体边界清晰可辨(顾连兴,1989),从而为磁黄铁矿多型鉴定提供有效手段。试验在吉林大学矿相实验室完成,磁性胶体制备工艺流程可参考任会学等(2017),制得的黑褐色磁性胶体在常规储存条件下可保持长期稳定性。
二道甸子金矿床经历了多期次热液活动(早期—主成矿期—晚期),主成矿期(Ⅱ期)热液流体富含CO2和H2S等挥发性组分,与磁黄铁矿发生水解反应(FeS+H2O→Fe(OH)2+H2S),生成的Fe(OH)2进一步与H2S反应生成黄铁矿或白铁矿(Chen et al,2024),后期热液流体pH值升高(偏碱性),加剧了磁黄铁矿的交代作用,形成大量白铁矿[图2(h)~2(j)],且二道甸子矿床位于浅地表(成矿深度1.38~1.5 km),表生环境下大气降水渗透至矿床内部,与磁黄铁矿发生氧化反应(4FeS+7O2+2H2O→4FeOOH+4S),生成褐铁矿(FeOOH),褐铁矿进一步覆盖于磁黄铁矿表面,形成氧化薄膜,同时促进磁黄铁矿向白铁矿的转化(宋梦莹等,2019)。
二道甸子金矿床是热液成因矿床,热液流体的地球化学性质会影响金的迁移和再分配行为,随着含矿流体pH值降低,Au等金属元素的溶解度增加,流体中较低的pH值可能加速金等金属的流动性和迁移行为(Reed,2006)。相反,热液体系中、和pH值的增加,则促进了磁黄铁矿、毒砂和黄铁矿等硫化物间的交代反应以及相关微量元素在矿物间的再分配和富集(Rottier et al,2016)。因此,早期形成的磁黄铁矿和毒砂等硫化物在后期热液交代作用下,经溶解—再沉淀机制被黄铁矿或白铁矿交代所形成的交代结构[图2(h)~2(j)]可定性地示踪成矿物理化学条件的变化。关于金以固溶体的形式存在于磁黄铁矿中,前人认为可能是Au+以类质同象的形式替代Fe2+而存在于磁黄铁矿中(贾建业,1996;林枭举等,2020)。但在二道甸子金矿床中,铁和金的浓度相对分散,二者之间没有明显的相关性,因此这种解释不太准确。
在二道甸子金矿床的成矿过程中,磁黄铁矿的蚀变行为与金的富集沉淀存在清晰的阶段性耦合关系。早期热液期(Ⅰ期),磁黄铁矿尚未出现,金在流体中以Au(HS)2-形式迁移,未发生大规模沉淀。进入主成矿期(Ⅱ期),情况发生根本性转变:在Ⅱ1阶段,磁黄铁矿开始大量晶出,但蚀变微弱;至Ⅱ2阶段(金主沉淀期),磁黄铁矿发生显著蚀变(FeS+H2O→Fe2++OH-+H2S,随后Fe2+与H2S反应生成FeS2)[图2(h)~2(j)],这一过程消耗流体中的H2S并释放OH-,导致局部硫逸度()降低和pH值升高,从而破坏了Au(HS)2-络合物的稳定性,触发了金的还原与初始沉淀(Benning et al,1996;Williams-Jones et al,2009)。然而,可见金并非赋存于蚀变的磁黄铁矿中,而是主要富集在同期结晶的黄铁矿、毒砂和闪锌矿内。这是因为蚀变中的磁黄铁矿(Fe1-x S)结构不稳定,无法有效固定金,而新形成的黄铁矿(FeS)与毒砂(FeAsS)等矿物具有稳定的晶格,能够有效捕获并包裹从流体中析出或从反应界面释放的金纳米颗粒,使其成长为可见金(Reich et al,2005)[图2(e)~2(g),2(k),2(l)]。晚期热液期(Ⅲ期),磁黄铁矿已蚀变殆尽,流体中金浓度极低,仅形成贫金的黄铁矿。因此,磁黄铁矿蚀变是驱动金沉淀的关键地球化学引擎,而金在毒砂[图2(e)]、黄铜矿[图2(f)]、黄铁矿[图2(g)]、方铅矿[图2(k)]和闪锌矿[图2(l)]等稳定硫化物中的富集则是这一过程在矿物学上的必然结果,二者在空间上紧密共生。
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