3D打印整体式催化剂研究进展

Reaserch progress on 3D printing of monolithic catalyst

摘要

整体式催化剂的一体化结构在降低流动阻力、提高传质传热效率的同时，规避了颗粒催化剂形态上的不足，使其具有更为高效、稳定的催化效果，在空间站、载人飞船、卫星姿态、轨道调控等领域中已有广泛应用。但传统成形方式在制备催化剂时无法实现宏观尺度上复杂结构的定制化生产以及微观尺度上孔道结构的灵活调控，制备工艺的落后阻碍了整体式催化剂的进一步发展。目前，国内外学者已开始使用增材制造技术进行整体式催化剂的设计与制造，其中根据使用需求对催化剂的三维结构、成形方式以及载体材料进行设计与选用是研究的重点。本文首先概述整体式催化剂传统成形方法的应用缺陷与增材制造成形方法的技术优势，进一步详细介绍催化剂结构的设计与调控方法，分析不同成形方式下载体的结构特征与后处理方法，总结常见的打印材料及载体性能，最后结合3D打印整体式催化剂在航空航天及各行业的实际应用现状，对催化剂增材制造的未来发展趋势，以及高温成形过程中催化剂孔隙结构保护、比表面积维持、活性组分负载等进行系统展望。

Abstract

The integrated structure of monolithic catalysts not only reduces flow resistance and enhances mass and heat transfer efficiency，but also overcomes the inherent limitations of granular catalysts，thereby endowing them with more efficient and stable catalytic performance. They have been extensively employed in fields such as space stations，manned spacecraft and satellite attitude and orbit control. However， conventional molding techniques fail to achieve customized production of complex macroscale structures and flexible regulation of microscale pore structures during catalyst preparation，and the backwardness of preparation processes has hindered the further development of monolithic catalysts. Currently，scholars at home and abroad have begun to adopt additive manufacturing technology for the design and fabrication of monolithic catalysts，among which the design and selection of catalyst 3D structure，molding method and carrier material according to application requirements are the key research focuses. This paper firstly outlines the application limitations of traditional molding methods for monolithic catalysts and highlights the technical advantages of additive manufacturing techniques. Subsequently， it elaborates on the design and regulation methods of catalyst structures，analyzes the structural characteristics and post-processing methods of carriers under different molding approaches，and summarizes common printing materials and carrier properties. Finally， based on the practical application status of 3D-printed monolithic catalysts in aerospace and other industries，this paper systematically prospects the future development trends of catalyst additive manufacturing，as well as the core challenges，including the protection of catalyst pore structures，maintenance of specific surface area and loading of active components during high-temperature molding.

关键词

整体式催化剂 / 增材制造 / 结构设计 / 成形方法 / 载体材料 / 功能应用

Key words

monolithic catalyst / addictive manufacturing / structural design / forming method / carrier material / functional application

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