正交三向碳纤维/纳米孔酚醛复合材料的高温结构-性能演变

High temperature structure-property evolution of orthogonal three-directional carbon fiber/nanoporous phenolic composite

摘要

揭示烧蚀型热防护材料的高温多尺度结构和力-热性能演变规律，对进一步提升其高温服役性能具有重要科学意义。以轻质-防隔热-承载一体化的正交三向碳纤维/纳米孔酚醛复合材料为研究对象，开展高温环境（400～1200 ℃）下的孔结构、纤维/基体界面、编织结构等多尺度结构演变规律研究，并探究由于结构演变导致的力学、隔热及烧蚀性能的变化规律。结果表明：复合材料在400～1200 ℃范围内高温处理后仍能保持纳米多孔结构，且由于正交三向预制体的维形作用，复合材料无明显体积收缩，具有优异的高温结构稳定性。但是，高温下酚醛树脂的碳化收缩会导致基体与纱线间分层、纱线内开裂等，进而使复合材料力学性能逐渐衰减。同时，酚醛树脂的碳化也会导致基体热导率的大幅提高，进而引起复合材料隔热性能的衰退。此外，由于正交三向纤维预制体具有较好的高温抗形变能力，高温处理后复合材料在2000 ℃和4.18 MW/m²条件下线烧蚀率均相比原始材料差异较小。研究结果可为烧蚀型防隔热材料的选型和性能提升提供重要的理论参考。

Abstract

Revealing the high temperature multi-scale structure and mechanical-thermal performance evolution of ablative thermal protection materials is of great scientific significance to further improve the high temperature service performance. In this paper, the orthogonal three-dimensional carbon fiber/nanoporous phenolic composite with lightweight-insulation-bearing integration is taken as an example, and the multi-scale structural evolution of the porous structure, fiber/matrix interface and braided structure of the composite under high temperature environment (400-1200 ℃) is studied. Change rules of mechanical, thermal insulation and ablation properties caused by structural evolution are explored. The results show that the composite can maintain the nanoporous structure after high temperature treatment in the range of 400-1200 ℃. Besides, due to the dimensional effect of the orthogonal three-dimensional preform, the composite has no obvious volume shrinkage and excellent high temperature structural stability. However, the carbonization shrinkage of phenolic resin at high temperature will lead to delamination between matrix yarns and cracking in yarns, which lead to the gradual attenuation of mechanical properties of composites. At the same time, the carbonization of phenolic resin will also lead to a significant increase in the thermal conductivity of the matrix, which will lead to the deterioration of the thermal insulation performance. In addition, due to the good high-temperature dimensional ability of the orthogonal three-dimensional fiber preform, the linear ablation rate of the composites after high-temperature treatment at 2000 ℃ and 4.18 MW/m² is less different from that of the original composite. The results of this paper can provide an important theoretical reference for the selection and performance improvement of ablative thermal protection materials.

关键词

纳米孔树脂基复合材料 / 高温碳化 / 结构演变 / 力学性能 / 烧蚀性能

Key words

nanoporous resin matrix composite / high temperature carbonization / structural evolution / mechanical property / ablation performance

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(52472095)

国家自然科学基金项目(U2341291)