增材制造难熔高熵合金研究进展

Research progress on additive manufacturing of refractory high entropy alloys

摘要

航空航天领域的发展亟需在超高温服役条件下具有优异力学性能的先进结构材料，近年来开发的难熔高熵合金（refractory high entropy alloys，RHEAs）虽具有应用前景，但仍面临着室温脆性及元素偏析等问题，对其制备工艺提出较大挑战。而增材制造技术在制备 RHEAs 方面具有抑制元素偏析、细化组织且可实现复杂形状构件制备等独特优势，具有广泛的研究潜力。本文从介绍增材制造 RHEAs 的主要技术方式出发，对增材制造 RHEAs 的微观结构、元素分布及相组成特征进行归纳并概述其室温和高温力学性能。针对增材制造 RHEAs 面临的开裂、孔隙等主要工艺挑战，对近年来的相应研究成果进行综述，并提出通过成分调控与晶界工程优化增材制造工艺的新思路。最后，本文对于未来通过增材制造技术引入晶界强化元素或高熵陶瓷强化相实现室温塑性与高温强度的进一步提升以及通过抑制开裂与残余应力实现大尺寸 RHEAs 复杂构件制备等方面进行展望。

Abstract

The rapid progress in aerospace engineering places an urgent demand for advanced structural materials that exhibit outstanding mechanical properties under ultra-high temperature operating conditions. While recently developed refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) hold promising application prospects，they are still confronted with challenges，including room-temperature brittleness and elemental segregation，which present significant hurdles in manufacturing processes. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology offers distinct advantages in fabricating RHEAs，such as suppressing elemental segregation，refining microstructures，and enabling the production of components with complex geometries，thereby revealing the substantial research potential. This paper firstly introduces the main technical methods for AM-fabricated RHEAs. Subsequently， it systematically summarizes their microstructural features，elemental distribution patterns，and phase composition characteristics，along with an overview of their mechanical performance at both room and elevated temperatures. To address critical process challenges， such as cracking and porosity in AM-produced RHEAs，we not only review recent research achievements but also propose innovative strategies that combine composition optimization and grain boundary engineering to enhance the AM process. Finally，this paper makes prospects for further enhancing the room-temperature plasticity and high-temperature strength by introducing grain boundary strengthening elements or high-entropy ceramic strengthening phases through additive manufacturing technology in the future，as well as for the preparation of large-sized RHEAs complex components by suppressing cracking and residual stress.

关键词

激光增材制造 / 难熔高熵合金 / 微观组织 / 超高温力学性能

Key words

laser additive manufacturing / refractory high-entropy alloys / microstructure / ultra-high temperature mechanical property

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基金资助

国家杰出青年科学基金项目(52225103)

国家自然科学基金-联合基金项目(U2441262)