航空发动机用表面强化技术的发展与建议

Development and suggestions of surface mechanical treatments for aero-engines

摘要

航空发动机关键零件一旦发生疲劳失效，将危及航空器的飞行安全。疲劳失效主要起源于零件表层与亚表层的冶金、工艺、环境因素形成的缺陷，继而在服役累计损伤下扩展，造成零件突然无宏观塑性变形破坏，因此可能造成严重风险。表面强化利用金属零件表面冷作硬化引入微观变形层，可在不影响金属本体性能的前提下，大幅提高金属构件的疲劳、应力腐蚀开裂抗力等耐久性指标，特别适用于在高性能工况下长寿命服役的航空发动机部件。基于先进发动机的研制需求，本文对比国内外典型表面强化技术的发展现状，提出结构适应性增强、介质优化、智能化、融入强度设计等发展建议，并给出保障表面强化快速发展和有效应用的支撑策略，为新型航空发动机研制和表面强化技术发展提供决策参考和技术支撑。

Abstract

Fatigue failure of critical components in aero-engines will compromise the flight safety of aircraft once it occurs. Fatigue failure mainly initiates from defects formed by metallurgical， processing， and environmental factors in the surface and subsurface layers of components， and then propagates under accumulated service damage， resulting in sudden fracture without obvious macroscopic plastic deformation，which may lead to severe risks. Surface mechanical treatment employs surface work hardening to introduce a micro-deformed layer on metallic components. Without impairing the bulk properties of the metal， it significantly improves the durability performance of metallic structures， such as fatigue resistance and stress corrosion cracking resistance， making it particularly suitable for long-life service of aero-engine components under high-performance operating conditions. In response to the development requirements of advanced aero-engines， this paper compares the state-of-the-art of typical surface mechanical treatments worldwide， puts forward development suggestions including enhanced structural adaptability， medium optimization， intellectualization， and integration into strength design， and proposes supporting strategies to ensure the rapid development and effective application of surface mechanical treatment. It provides decision-making references and technical support for the development of new-generation aero-engines and surface mechanical treatments.

关键词

航空发动机 / 表面强化 / 喷丸 / 激光冲击强化

Key words

aero-engine / surface mechanical treatment / shot peening / laser shock peening

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金面上项目(52271076)

国家科技重大专项(J2019-Ⅶ-0015-0155)

国家科技重大专项(Y2022-Ⅶ-0007-0049)