耐高温聚酰亚胺树脂及复合材料技术进展

Advances in high-temperature resistant polyimide resin and composite materials technology

摘要

航空航天装备高温服役工况对耐高温树脂基复合材料提出严苛需求，传统环氧、双马树脂体系耐温极限不足，聚酰亚胺材料已成为高端耐高温结构复合材料的核心研究方向。本文系统阐述聚酰亚胺树脂的分子结构特征与热固性、热塑性两类体系，梳理 NA 封端、PEPA 封端、有机-无机杂化及热塑性聚酰亚胺技术迭代历程，对比各类树脂的结构特性、工艺特点与性能短板，重点综述近年来聚酰亚胺基体改性、精准分子结构设计、纤维增强复合体系及夹层结构多功能化的前沿研究进展，总结杂环、大位阻侧基、柔性链段及有机-无机杂化等改性策略的优劣，归纳碳纤维、石英纤维增强复合材料的界面调控、高温服役性能与工程应用现状，分析指出当前聚酰亚胺材料存在耐热性与加工流动性难以兼顾、制备成本偏高、极端高温界面稳定性不足、大型构件成型难度大等技术瓶颈。最后从分子精准设计、低成本成型工艺优化、材料工艺协同匹配、结构-功能一体化开发四个维度展望未来发展方向，为航空航天耐高温聚酰亚胺复合材料的迭代研发与工程化应用提供参考。

Abstract

The high-temperature service environments of aerospace equipment impose stringent demands on high-temperature resistant resin-matrix composites. Traditional epoxy and bismaleimide resin systems suffer from limited temperature resistance，making polyimide a core research direction of advanced high-temperature structural composites. This paper systematically elaborates the molecular structural characteristics of polyimide resins and their classification into thermosetting and thermoplastic categories. The technological evolution of NA-capped，PEPA-capped，organic-inorganic hybrid and thermoplastic polyimides is summarized，and the structural features，processing characteristics and performance deficiencies of various polyimide systems are compared. Recent research advances in matrix modification，precise molecular design，fiber-reinforced systems and multifunctional sandwich structures are comprehensively reviewed. The advantages and limitations of modification strategies including heterocyclic structure introduction，bulky side group grafting，flexible chain segment construction and organic-inorganic hybridization are analyzed. Meanwhile，the interfacial regulation，high-temperature service performance and engineering applications of carbon fiber and quartz fiber reinforced polyimide composites are concluded. Current technical bottlenecks，such as the inherent contradiction between thermal resistance and processing fluidity，high preparation cost，insufficient interfacial stability under extreme high temperature，and difficulties in molding large-scale components，are clarified. Finally，future development trends are proposed from the aspects of precise molecular design，low-cost forming process optimization，material-process collaborative matching and integrated structure-function design. This work provides a systematic reference for the iterative research and engineering application of high-temperature resistant polyimide composites in aerospace fields.

关键词

聚酰亚胺 / 复合材料 / 耐高温 / 航空航天 / 热固性 / 热塑性

Key words

polyimide / composites material / high-temperature resistance / aerospace / thermosetting / thermoplastic

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基金资助

预先研究项目(50922020104)