航空结构钎焊技术应用研究进展

Research progress of brazing technology application in aeronautical structures

摘要

钎焊技术是航空结构制造过程中不可或缺的关键连接技术之一，广泛应用于高温、高应力及复杂服役环境下的构件连接。本文系统综述航空结构钎焊关键技术的研究进展与应用现状，重点涵盖航空发动机涡轮叶片、飞机金属蜂窝封严结构及散热器等复杂构件的钎焊技术应用。同时，针对陶瓷基复合材料、TiAl 系高温合金和Nb-Si基难熔合金等新型航空结构材料，深入分析其在钎焊过程中的可焊性研究现状与面临的主要技术瓶颈。最后指出，通过引入数值模拟与机器学习技术，并结合多主元合金设计及微合金化调控策略，显著提升高性能专用钎料的成分筛选设计与工艺优化效率，加速构建覆盖全温域和全流程的技术标准体系，深化异种材料连接理论研究，为高端航空制造提供更加坚实的技术支撑。

Abstract

Brazing technology is one of the indispensable key joining technologies in the manufacturing of aerospace structures，and it is widely applied to the joining of components operating under high-temperature，high-stress，and complex service conditions. This paper systematically reviews the research progress and application status of key brazing technologies for aerospace structures，with a focus on the brazing research developments of complex components such as aero-engine turbine blades， aircraft metal honeycomb sealing structures， and heat exchangers. Meanwhile， for advanced aerospace structural materials including ceramic matrix composites，TiAl high-temperature alloys，and Nb-Si refractory alloys，this paper comprehensively analyzes their current weldability research status and major technical bottlenecks in the brazing process. Finally， it is pointed out that the integration of numerical simulation and machine learning technologies，combined with multi-principal alloy design and micro-alloying regulation strategies， can significantly improve the efficiency of composition screening and process optimization for high-performance specialized brazing materials. This approach will accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive technical standard system covering the entire temperature range and manufacturing process， and further advance the theoretical research on dissimilar material joining， thereby providing robust technical support for advanced aerospace manufacturing.

关键词

航空结构 / 钎焊 / 涡轮叶片 / 金属蜂窝 / 散热器 / 高温合金 / 陶瓷基复合材料 / 新型高温结构材料

Key words

aeronautical structure / brazing / turbine blade / metallic honeycomb / radiator / superalloy / ceramic matrix composite / advanced high-temperature structural material

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(52201050)

国家自然科学基金(U2141205)

国家自然科学基金(51804286)

北京市自然科学基金面上项目(3212014)