EB-PVD 稀土锆酸盐热障涂层研究进展

Research progress of rare earth zirconate thermal barrier coatings by EB-PVD

摘要

先进航空发动机技术的迭代升级对热障涂层的性能提出了更高要求，传统 YSZ 热障涂层体系已难以满足涡轮叶片的高温、复杂环境服役需求。稀土锆酸盐材料因具备稳定的高温相结构、低热导率、良好抗腐蚀性能等突出优势，成为最具潜力的下一代涡轮叶片热障涂层应用体系。本文系统总结了电子束物理气相沉积（EB-PVD）制备稀土锆酸盐热障涂层的研究进展，全面综述其制备特性、核心性能及失效行为机制，重点阐述了稀土锆酸盐材料的相结构、热导率、热膨胀系数及抗 CMAS 腐蚀等关键性能特点，深入分析了其多诱因耦合失效行为特征。最后，明确了稀土锆酸盐涂层偏析控制、超低热导与高热膨胀涂层设计的技术发展路径，并展望了其特定 CMAS 腐蚀机制及多因素关联失效行为模型的后续研究方向。

Abstract

The iterative upgrading of advanced aero-engine technology has put forward higher requirements for the performance of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). The traditional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) TBCs system can no longer meet the high-temperature and complex environmental service requirements of turbine blades. Rare earth zirconate materials have become the most promising candidate system for the next-generation TBCs of turbine blades due to their outstanding advantages such as excellent high-temperature phase stability，low thermal conductivity and good corrosion resistance. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of rare earth zirconate TBCs prepared by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)， comprehensively reviews their preparation characteristics， core properties and failure mechanism. It focuses on elaborating the key performance characteristics of rare earth zirconate materials， including phase structure， thermal conductivity， thermal expansion coefficient and resistance to calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate (CMAS) corrosion， and deeply analyzes the characteristics of their multi-inducer coupled failure behavior. Finally， the technical development paths for segregation control of rare earth zirconate coatings， and the design of ultra-low thermal conductivity and high thermal expansion coatings are clarified，and the future research directions of their specific CMAS corrosion mechanism and multi-factor related failure behavior model are prospected.

关键词

热障涂层 / 电子束物理气相沉积 / 稀土锆酸盐 / 热导率 / 失效行为

Key words

thermal barrier coating / electron beam physical vapour deposition / rare earth zirconate / thermal conductivity / failure behavior

参考文献

[1] 刘大响. 一代新材料, 一代新型发动机:航空发动机的发展趋势及其对材料的需求[J]. 材料工程, 2017, 45(10):1-5.

[2] LIU D X. One generation of new material,one genera-tion of new type engine: development trend of aero-engine and its requirements for materials[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2017, 45(10):1-5.

[3] POULLIKKAS A. An overview of current and future sustainable gas turbine technologies[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2005, 9(5):409-443.

[4] KONSTANTINOS G. Future aero engine designs: an evolving vision, advances in Gas Turbine Technology[M]. Shanghai: In tech, 2011.

[5] 吴立强, 尹泽勇, 蔡显新. 航空发动机涡轮叶片的多学科设计优化[J]. 航空动力学报, 2005, 20(5):795-801.

[6] WU L Q, YIN Z Y, CAI X X. MDO technology applied to the aeroengine turbine blade design[J]. Journal of Aerospace Power, 2005, 20(5):795-801.

[7] PADTURE N P, GELL M, JORDAN E H. Thermal bar-rier coatings for gas-turbine engine applications[J]. Sci-ence, 2002, 296(5566):280-284.

[8] 田伟, 郭会明, 刘砚飞. 新型热障涂层在先进航空发动机中的应用研究进展[J]. 航空材料学报, 2025, 45(6):68-80.

[9] TIAN W, GUO H M, LIU Y F. Research progress on application of new thermal barrier coatings in advanced aero-engines[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2025, 45(6):68-80.

[10] 曹学强. 热障涂层新材料和新结构[M]. 北京: 科学出版社,2016:20.

[11] CAO X Q. New materials and structures of thermal bar-rier coatings[M]. Beijing: Science Press,2016:20.

[12] ZHAO S Q, XIE X S, SMITH G D, et al. Microstruc-tural stability and mechanical properties of a new nickel-based superalloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineer-ing:A, 2003, 355(1/2):96-105.

[13] THELLAPUTTA G R, CHANDRA P S, RAO C S P. Machinability of nickel based superalloys:a review[J]. Materials Today, 2017, 4(2):3712-3721.

[14] CLARK D R, OECHSNER M, PADTURE N P. Ther-mal-barrier coatings for more efficient gas-turbine engines[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2012, 37:891-898.

[15] ZHANG J R, WANG L, WANG D, et al. Recent progress in research and development of nickel-based single crystal superalloys[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2019, 55:1077-1094.

[16] 王会阳, 安云岐, 李承宇, 等. 镍基高温合金材料的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2011( 增刊2):482-486.

[17] WANG H Y, AN Y Q, LI C Y, et al. Research progress of Ni-based superalloys[J]. Materials Review, 2011 (Suppl 2):482-486.

[18] HAN J C. Recent studies in turbine blade cooling[J]. International Journal of Rotating Machinery, 2004, 10(6):517231.

[19] HUH M, HAN J C. Recent studies in turbine blade inter-nal cooling[C]// Proceedings of International Sympo-sium on Heat Transfer in Gas Turbine Systems,2009:1-20.

[20] PADTURE N P. Advanced structural ceramics in aerospace propulsion[J]. Nature Materials, 2016, 15(8):804-809.

[21] 徐惠彬, 宫声凯, 刘福顺. 航空发动机热障涂层材料体系的研究[J]. 航空学报, 2000, 21(1):7-12.

[22] XU H B, GONG S K, LIU F S. Recent development in materials design of thermal barrier coatings for gas tur-bine[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2000, 21(1):7-12.

[23] EVANS A G, CLARKE D R, LEVI C G. The influence of oxides on the performance of advanced gas turbines[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2008, 28(7):1405-1419.

[24] SCHULZ U, LEYENS C, FRITSCHER K, et al. Some recent trends in research and technology of advanced thermal barrier coatings[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2003, 7(1):73-80.

[25] CLARKE D R, LEVI C G. Materials design for the next generation thermal barrier coatings[J]. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2003, 33:383-417.

[26] LASHMI P G, ANANTHAPADMANABHAN P V, UNNIKRISHNAN G, et al. Present status and future prospects of plasma sprayed multilayered thermal bar-rier coating systems[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2020, 40(8):2731-2745.

[27] SHARMA A, WITZ G, LECREUX C, et al. High heat flux burner-rig testing of 8YSZ thermal barrier coatings: influence of the powder feedstock[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2022, 42(15):7267-7274.

[28] CHEN H Y, YAN J J, CAO K, et al. Friction delamina-tion mechanism of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings in high-temperature and high-speed rotating service envi-ronment[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2023, 43(8):3637-3646.

[29] LAL D, SAPUTO J, GILDERSLEEVE V E J, et al. Through thickness changes to stiffness and thermal con-ductivity in thermal barrier coatings subjected to gradi-ent exposure[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Soci-ety, 2023, 43(9):4146-4152.

[30] SIGAROODI M R J, POURSAEIDI E, RAHIMI J, et al. Heat treatment effect on coating shock resistance of ther-mal barrier coating system with different types of bond coat[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2023, 43(8):3658-3675.

[31] ASHOFTEH A, RAJABZADEH M. Advances in ther-mal barrier coatings modeling,simulation,and analysis: a review[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(14):116693.

[32] DING Q H, HU L N, HUANG Y K, et al. Impact of interfacial texture on failure behaviour of 8YSZ thermal barrier coatings under thermal cyclic loading[J]. Jour-nal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(12) : 7265-7276.

[33] BUSSO E P, QIAN Z Q, TAYLOR M P, et al. The influence of bondcoat and topcoat mechanical properties on stress development in thermal barrier coating sys-tems[J]. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(8):2349-2361.

[34] JIN X C, FU S N, LI P, et al. Microstructures evolution, corrosion and oxidation mechanisms of EB-PVD ther-mal barrier coatings exposed to molten salt corrosion[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(8): 5115-5128.

[35] KAKUDA T R, LIMARGA A M, BENNETT T D, et al. Evolution of thermal properties of EB-PVD 7YSZ ther-mal barrier coatings with thermal cycling[J]. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(8):2583-2591.

[36] KRISHNAMURTHY R, SROLOVITZ D J. Sintering and microstructure evolution in columnar thermal bar-rier coatings[J]. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(4) : 1035-1048.

[37] CERNUSCHI F, CAPELLI S, BISON P, et al. Non-destructive thermographic monitoring of crack evolu-tion of thermal barrier coating coupons during cyclic oxidation aging[J]. Acta Materialia, 2011, 59(16) : 6351-6361.

[38] ROSADO E, CAÑAS E, RECIO P, et al. ZrSiO4/ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings produced by suspension plasma spraying[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(1):460-470.

[39] WANG J J, HE Q, ZHANG Y S, et al. PS-PVD thermal barrier coatings microstructure modulation and high-temperature erosion resistance study[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2025, 45(2):116920.

[40] EBERL C, GIANOLA D S, WANG X, et al. A method for in situ measurement of the elastic behavior of a columnar thermal barrier coating[J]. Acta Materialia, 2011, 59(9):3612-3620.

[41] HEEG B, TOLPYGO V K, CLARKE D R. Damage evolution in thermal barrier coatings with thermal cycling[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2011, 94(Suppl 1):s112-s119.

[42] GUO H B, GONG S K, AIK KHOR K, et al. Effect of thermal exposure on the microstructure and properties of EB-PVD gradient thermal barrier coatings[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2003, 168(1):23-29.

[43] Temperature-dependent resonant Raman scattering of yttria doped zir-conia phases in thermal barrier coatings[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2024, 44(1):419-425.

[44] NARAPARAJU R, LAU H, LANGE M, et al. Inte-grated testing approach using a customized micro tur-bine for a volcanic ash and CMAS related degradation study of thermal barrier coatings[J]. Surface and Coat-ings Technology, 2018, 337:198-208.

[45] MERCER C, WILLIAMS J R, CLARKE D R, et al. On a ferroelastic mechanism governing the toughness of metastable tetragonal-prime (t′) yttria-stabilized zirco-nia[J]. Proceedings: Mathematical, Physical and Engi-neering Sciences,2007, 463(2081):1393-1408.

[46] ZHANG Y, GU H, QIAN P X, et al. Synergetic evolu-tion of the ordered nanopores and stabilizer-controlled phase-separations for the columnar structures of 8YSZ thermal-barrier coatings through high-temperature aging[J]. Acta Materialia, 2025, 285:120640.

[47] VAN SLUYTMAN J S, KRÄMER S, TOLPYGO V K, et al. Microstructure evolution of ZrO2-YbTaO4 thermal barrier coatings[J]. Acta Materialia, 2015, 96:133-142.

[48] MUNAWAR A U, SCHULZ U, SHAHID M, et al. Microstructure and lifetime of EB-PVD TBCs with Hf-doped bond coat and Gd-zirconate ceramic top coat on CMSX-4 substrates[J]. Surface and Coatings Technol-ogy, 2016, 299:104-112.

[49] VASSEN R, JARLIGO M O, STEINKE T, et al. Overview on advanced thermal barrier coatings[J]. Sur-face and Coatings Technology, 2010, 205(4):938-942.

[50] CHEN H F, LIU Y, GAO Y F, et al. Design, prepara-tion,and characterization of graded YSZ/La2Zr2O7 ther-mal barrier coatings[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2010, 93(6):1732-1740.

[51] VASSEN R, CAO X Q, TIETZ F, et al. Zirconates as new materials for thermal barrier coatings[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2000, 83(8) : 2023-2028.

[52] BOBZIN K, LUGSCHEIDER E, BAGCIVAN N. Ther-mal cycling behaviour of lanthanum zirconate as EB-PVD thermal barrier coating[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2006, 8(7):653-657.

[53] CAO X Q, VASSEN R, STOEVER D. Ceramic materi-als for thermal barrier coatings[J]. Journal of the Euro-pean Ceramic Society, 2004, 24(1):1-10.

[54] CLARKE D R, PHILLPOT S R. Thermal barrier coat-ing materials[J]. Materials Today, 2005, 8(6):22-29.

[55] ZHANG J, GUO X Y, JUNG Y G, et al. Lanthanum zir-conate based thermal barrier coatings:a review[J]. Sur-face and Coatings Technology, 2017, 323:18-29.

[56] SCHULZ U, SCHMÜCKER M. Microstructure of ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings applied by EB-PVD[J]. Materi-als Science and Engineering:A, 2000, 276(1/2):1-8.

[57] SCHULZ U, TERRY S G, LEVI C G. Microstructure and texture of EB-PVD TBCs grown under different rotation modes[J]. Materials Science and Engineering:A, 2003, 360(1/2):319-329.

[58] SCHULZ U, SARUHAN B, FRITSCHER K, et al. Review on advanced EB-PVD ceramic topcoats for TBC applications[J]. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, 2004, 1(4):302-315.

[59] SCHULZ U, BRAUE W. Degradation of La2Zr2O7 and other novel EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings by CMAS

[60] CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2) and volcanic ash deposits[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2013, 235:165-173.

[61] MOSKAL G, SWADŹBA L, HETMAŃCZYK M, et al. Characterization of microstructure and thermal proper-ties of Gd2Zr2O7-type thermal barrier coating[J]. Jour-nal of the European Ceramic Society, 2012, 32(9) : 2025-2034.

[62] SHEN Z Y, HE L M, XU Z H, et al. Rare earth oxides stabilized La2Zr2O7 TBCs:EB-PVD,thermal conductiv-ity and thermal cycling life[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2019, 357:427-432.

[63] SHEN Z Y, HE L M, MU R D, et al. Effects of gradient transitional layer on thermal cycling life and failure of LaZrCeO/YSZ thermal barrier coatings[J]. Corrosion Science, 2020, 163:108224.

[64] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, HE L M, et al. Thermal property and failure behaviors of Gd doped LaZrCeO coatings with feathery microstructure[J]. NPJ Materials Degra-dation, 2022, 6:17.

[65] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, MU R D, et al. Effects of Gd con-tent on the phase structure and thermal property of (La1-xGdx)2(Zr0.7Ce0.3)2O7 ceramics[J]. Open Ceram-ics, 2021, 7:100144.

[66] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, LIU Z, et al. Dy doped Gd2Zr2O7 thermal barrier coatings: thermal expansion coefficient, microstructure and failure mechanism[J]. Applied Sur-face Science Advances, 2021, 6:100174.

[67] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, MU R D, et al. Effects of Er sta-bilization on thermal property and failure behavior of Gd2Zr2O7 thermal barrier coatings[J]. Corrosion Sci-ence, 2021, 185:109418.

[68] SHEN Z Y, LIU Z, LIU G X, et al. GdYbZrO thermal barrier coatings by EB-PVD: phase, microstructure, thermal properties and failure[J]. Surfaces and Inter-faces, 2021, 24:101123.

[69] SHEN Z Y, LIU Z, HUANG Z Y, et al. Thermal shock life and failure behaviors of La2Zr2O7/YSZ,La2Ce2O7/YSZ and Gd2Zr2O7/YSZ DCL TBCs by EB-PVD[J]. Materials Characterization, 2021, 173:110923.

[70] SHEN Z Y, LIU Z, MU R D, et al. LaGdZrO/YSZ ther-mal barrier coatings by EB-PVD: microstructure, ther-mal properties and failure mechanism[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 2021, 5:100073.

[71] SHEN Z Y, LIU Z, MU R D, et al. LaYbZrO thermal barrier coatings by EB-PVD: microstructure, thermal shock life and failure behaviors[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2021, 26:101810.

[72] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, DAI J W, et al. LaNdZrO ther-mal barrier coatings by electron beam physical vapor deposition: morphology, thermal property and failure mechanism[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 2022, 11:100328.

[73] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, DAI J W, et al. Thermal property and failure mechanism of LaDyZrO thermal barrier coat-ings by electron beam physical vapor deposition[J]. Materials Today Physics, 2022, 24:100696.

[74] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, HUANG B, et al. Effect of Er on thermal property and failure behaviour of LaErZrO ther-mal barrier coatings[J]. Corrosion Science, 2022, 209: 110749.

[75] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, ZHANG R J, et al. Thermal prop-erty and failure behavior of LaSmZrO thermal barrier coatings by EB-PVD[J]. iScience, 2022, 25:104106.

[76] SHEN Z Y, LIU Z, MU R D, et al. Y-Er-ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings by EB-PVD:thermal conductivity,ther-mal shock life and failure mechanism[J]. Applied Sur-face Science Advances, 2021, 3:100043.

[77] LIU G X, SHEN Z Y, HE L M, et al. Pr doped La2Zr2O7 TBCs by EB-PVD: thermal property, morphology and degradation mechanism[J]. Ceramics International, 2024, 50:22644-22652.

[78] SHEN Z Y, LIU G X, LUO Y Q, et al. Thermal prop-erty and failure behaviour of Pr doped Gd2Zr2O7 ther-mal barrier coatings[J]. Corrosion Science, 2024, 226: 111641.

[79] SHEN Z Y, HE L M, XU Z H, et al. LZC/YSZ DCL TBCs by EB-PVD:microstructure,low thermal conduc-tivity and high thermal cycling life[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2019, 39:1443-1450.

[80] REED R C. The superalloys:fundamentals and applica-tions[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge university press, 2008.

[81] 关春龙, 李垚, 赫晓东. 电子束物理气相沉积技术及其应用现状[J]. 航空制造技术, 2003, 46(11):35-37.

[82] GUAN C L, LI Y, HE X D. EB-PVD technology and its application status[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Tech-nology, 2003, 46(11):35-37.

[83] VIRKAR A V, MATSUMOTO R L K. Ferroelastic domain switching as a toughening mechanism in tetrago-nal zirconia[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Soci-ety, 1986, 69(10):224-226.

[84] MOVCHAN B A. EB-PVD technology in the gas tur-bine industry: present and future[J]. JOM, 1996, 48(11):40-45.

[85] 徐惠彬, 宫声凯, 刘福顺. 乌克兰巴顿焊接研究所的电子束物理气相沉积技术[J]. 航空制造工程, 1997, 9(6):6-8.

[86] THORNTON J A. Structure-zone models of thin films[J]. Modeling of Optical Thin Films, 1987, 821: 95-103.

[87] SINGH J, WOLFE D E, Nao and macro-structured com-ponent fabrication by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)[J]. Journal of Materials Sci-ence, 2005, 40:1-26.

[88] High temperature coatings[M]. London:Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017.

[89] ZINSMEISTER G. Theory of thin film condensation. Part b: solution of the simplified condensation equation[J]. Thin Solid Films, 1968, 2(5/6):497-507.

[90] MUNAWAR A U, SCHULZ U, CERRI G, et al. Microstructure and cyclic lifetime of Gd and Dy-con-taining EB-PVD TBCs deposited as single and double-layer on various bond coats[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2014, 245:92-101.

[91] LIU G X, SHEN Z Y, LUO Y Q, et al. Interplay of ther-mal properties, microstructure evolution and spallation mechanism in LaEuZrO/YSZ duplex TBCs fabricated by EB-PVD[J]. Corrosion Science, 2025, 255:113086.

[92] PAN W, PHILLPOT S R, WAN C L, et al. Low ther-mal conductivity oxides[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2012, 37(10):917-922.

[93] SHIMAMURA K, ARIMA T, IDEMITSU K, et al. Thermophysical properties of rare-earth-stabilized zirco-nia and zirconate pyrochlores as surrogates for actinide-doped zirconia[J]. International Journal of Thermo-physics, 2007, 28(3):1074-1084.

[94] SARUHAN B, FRANCOIS P, FRITSCHER K, et al. EB-PVD processing of pyrochlore-structured La2Zr2O7-based TBCs[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2004, 182(2/3):175-183.

[95] ZHANG J, GUO X Y, JUNG Y G, et al. Microstruc-tural non-uniformity and mechanical property of air plasma-sprayed dense lanthanum zirconate thermal bar-rier coating[J]. Materials Today, 2014, 1:11-16.

[96] LEHMANN H, PITZER D, PRACHT G, et al. Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficients of the lanthanum rare-earth-element zirconate system[J]. Jour-nal of the American Ceramic Society, 2003, 86(8) : 1338-1344.

[97] SCHELLING P K, PHILLPOT S R, GRIMES R W. Optimum pyrochlore compositions for low thermal con-ductivity[J]. Philosophical Magazine Letters, 2004, 84: 127-137.

[98] LIU G X, SHEN Z Y, HE L M, et al. LaYZrO/YSZ double ceramic layer thermal barrier coatings by EB-PVD: thermal performance, morphology and failure behavior[J]. 2023, 27:101661.

[99] WAN C L, ZHANG W, WANG Y F, et al. Glass-like thermal conductivity in ytterbium-doped lanthanum zir-conate pyrochlore[J]. Acta Materialia, 2010, 58(18) : 6166-6172.

[100] WANG Y F, YANG F, XIAO P. Glass-like thermal con-ductivities in (La1-x1Yx1) 2(Zr1-x2Yx2) 2O7-x (x=x1+x2, 0≤x≤1.0) solid solutions[J]. Acta Materialia, 2012, 60:7024-7033.

[101] GILD J, SAMIEE M, BRAUN J L, et al. High-entropy fluorite oxides[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2018, 38(10):3578-3584.

[102] REN K, WANG Q K, SHAO G, et al. Multicomponent high-entropy zirconates with comprehensive properties for advanced thermal barrier coating[J]. Scripta Materi-alia, 2020, 178:382-386.

[103] 赖丽萍, 汪俊, 种晓宇, 等. 潜在高熵陶瓷热障涂层材料的研究进展[J]. 材料工程, 2023, 51(7):61-77.

[104] LAI L P, WANG J, CHONG X Y, et al. Research progress in potential high-entropy ceramic thermal bar-rier coating materials[J]. Journal of Materials Engineer-ing, 2023, 51(7):61-77.

[105] VAKILIFARD H, SHAHBAZI H, LIBERATI A C, et al. High entropy oxides as promising materials for ther-mal barrier topcoats: a review[J]. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2024, 33(2):447-470.

[106] Introduction to statistical physics[M]. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC press, 2009.

[107] CHE J W, LIU X Y, WANG X Z, et al. Influence of B-site substituent Ce on thermophysical,oxygen diffusion, and mechanical properties of La2Zr2O7[J]. Ceramics International, 2023, 49:10936-10945.

[108] YU B, SHEN Z Y, LUO Y Q, LIU G X, et al. Effects of A site content on the phase structure and thermal prop-erty of (La1-xGdx) 2Zr2O7 ceramics[J]. Ceramics Inter-national, 2025, 51:8192-8196.

[109] SCHULZ U, NOWOTNIK A, KUNKEL S, et al. Effect of processing and interface on the durability of single and bilayer 7YSZ gadolinium zirconate EB-PVD ther-mal barrier coatings[J]. Surface and Coatings Technol-ogy, 2020, 381:125107.

[110] GUO L, GUO H B, PENG H, et al. Thermophysical properties of Yb2O3 doped Gd2Zr2O7 and thermal cycling durability of (Gd0.9Yb0.1)2Zr2O7/YSZ thermal barrier coatings[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2014, 34(5):1255-1263.

[111] SMIALEK J L, ARCHER F A, GARLICK R G. Tur-bine airfoil degradation in the Persian gulf war[J]. JOM, 1994, 46(12):39-41.

[112] DREXLER J M, GLEDHILL A D, SHINODA K, et al. Jet engine coatings for resisting volcanic ash damage[J]. Advanced Materials, 2011, 23(21):2419-2424.

[113] NARAPARAJU R, HÜTTERMANN M, SCHULZ U, et al. Tailoring the EB-PVD columnar microstructure to mitigate the infiltration of CMAS in 7YSZ thermal bar-rier coatings[J]. Journal of the European Ceramic Soci-ety, 2017, 37(1):261-270.

[114] CHAVEZ J J G, NARAPARAJU R, MIKULLA C, et al. Comparative study of EB-PVD gadolinium-zirconate and yttria-rich zirconia coatings performance against Fe-containing calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate (CMAS) infiltration[J]. Corrosion Science, 2021, 190:109660.

[115] POERSCHKE D L, JACKSON R W, LEVI C G. Sili-cate deposit degradation of engineered coatings in gas turbines: progress toward models and materials solu-tions[J]. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2017, 47:297-330.

[116] GUIJOSA-GARCIA C Y, RIVERA-GIL M A, RAMANA C V, et al. Reaction products from high temperature treatments of (LaxGd1-x)2Zr2O7 system and volcanic ash powder mixtures[J]. JOM, 2022, 74(7):2791-2808.

[117] 郭磊, 孟诗钧, 叶福兴, 等. 高熵陶瓷在热障涂层与环境障涂层中的研究进展[J]. 稀有金属, 2023, 47(11): 1525-1544.

[118] GUO L, MENG S J, YE F X, et al. Research progress of high-entropy ceramic in fields of thermal barrier coat-ings and environmental barrier coating[J]. Chinese Jour-nal of Rare Metals, 2023, 47(11):1525-1544.

[119] LIN G Q, WANG Y L, YANG L X, et al. CMAS corro-sion behavior of a novel high entropy (Nd0.2Gd0.2Y0.2 Er0.2Yb0.2) 2Zr2O7 thermal barrier coating materials[J]. Corrosion Science, 2023, 224:111529.

[120] YAN R X, LIANG W P, MIAO Q, et al. Mechanical, thermal and CMAS resistance properties of high-entropy (Gd0.2Y0.2Er0.2Tm0.2Yb0.2)2Zr2O7 ceramics[J]. Ceram-ics International, 2023, 49(12):20729-20741.

[121] 樊文楷, 杨潇, 李宏华, 等. 无压烧结制备(Y0.2Gd0.2 Er0.2Yb0.2Lu0.2)2Zr2O7 高熵陶瓷及其高温抗 CMAS 腐蚀性能[J]. 无机材料学报, 2025, 40(2):159-167.

[122] FAN W K, YANG X, LI H H, et al. Pressureless sinter-ing of (Y0.2Gd0.2Er0.2Yb0.2Lu0.2)2Zr2O7 high-entropy ceramic and its high temperature CMAS corrosion resis-tance[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2025, 40(2): 159-167.

[123] EVANS A G, MUMM D R, HUTCHINSON J W, et al. Mechanisms controlling the durability of thermal barrier coatings[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2001, 46(5):505-553.