高性能高熵合金的研究进展、全球态势及工程化挑战

Research progress，global trend，and engineering challenge of high-performance high-entropy alloys

摘要

为满足航空航天领域对高性能结构材料严苛的要求，高熵合金因其独特设计理念和性能特点成为重要的候选材料。本文聚焦难熔高熵合金、轻质高熵合金及共晶高熵合金3类典型体系，系统分析这3类高熵合金的代表性成分、组织特征与性能优势，以及在超高温、轻量化等航空航天关键应用场景中存在的主要技术瓶颈及突破路径。通过剖析世界主要国家和地区的研发态势，明确高熵合金由理论探索向需求牵引转化的发展趋势，梳理高熵合金在航空航天领域工程化应用亟须解决的设计、制备、性能评价等共性科学与技术挑战，主要包括：（1）突破传统材料性能极限的高熵合金组元体系设计与遴选；（2）高熵合金巨大成分空间的集成计算与高通量快速优化技术；（3）高熵合金复杂构件的高质量、高效率制备与成形技术；（4）寻求高熵合金性能与成本协同优化的“高性价比”成分区间；（5）面向极端服役场景的全方位性能评估与数据库建设。同时，对航空航天用高熵合金未来技术发展方向进行前瞻性展望，旨在为加速高熵合金从基础研究向关键工程化应用提供理论支撑与技术参考。

Abstract

To meet the stringent requirements for high-performance structural materials in the aerospace sector，high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have emerged as critical candidate materials owing to their unique design philosophy and distinctive performance characteristics. This work focuses on three typical HEA systems，namely refractory HEAs，lightweight HEAs，and eutectic HEAs. It systematically analyzes the representative compositions，microstructural features，and performance advantages of the three alloy systems，as well as the major technical bottlenecks and corresponding breakthrough approaches in core aerospace application scenarios such as ultra-high temperature service and lightweight design. By analyzing the research and development progress in major countries and regions worldwide，this work identifies the developmental trend of HEAs shifting from theoretical exploration to demand-driven research. It also sorts out the common scientific and technical challenges concerning composition design，fabrication，and performance evaluation that urgently need to be addressed for the engineering application of HEAs in aerospace，which are summarized as follows：(1) design and screening of HEAs component systems that break through the performance limits of conventional materials；(2) integrated computation and high-throughput rapid optimization technologies for the vast compositional space of HEAs；(3) high-quality and high-efficiency fabrication and forming technologies for complex HEAs components；(4) determination of cost-effective composition ranges that realize the coordinated optimization of mechanical performance and production cost for HEAs；(5) comprehensive performance assessment and database construction targeting extreme service environments. Furthermore，this work puts forward a forward-looking prospect on the future technological development directions of aerospace HEAs，aiming to provide theoretical support and technical references for accelerating the transformation of HEAs from fundamental research to vital engineering applications.

关键词

航空航天 / 难熔高熵合金 / 轻质高熵合金 / 共晶高熵合金 / 微观组织 / 力学性能

Key words

aerospace / refractory high-entropy alloy / lightweight high-entropy alloy / eutectic high-entropy alloy / microstructure / mechanical property

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目(2024YFB4608300)

北京市杰出青年基金(JQ24014)

国家自然科学基金(52175369)