碳纤维表面状态与聚酰亚胺树脂基体界面匹配性研究

Study on interface matching between carbon fiber surface states and polyimide resin matrix

摘要

随着航空事业的快速发展，先进航空发动机对材料性能提出更高要求。针对提升聚酰亚胺复合材料耐温和承载能力的需求，开展碳纤维表面状态与聚酰亚胺树脂基体界面匹配性研究。通过电子扫描显微镜、原子力显微镜、X射线电子能谱及表面能测试仪分析三种不同处理条件碳纤维的表面状态，并制备聚酰亚胺复合材料，通过复合材料耐温及界面强度测试评价碳纤维与树脂基体界面匹配性。结果表明，未电化学处理碳纤维表面活性低，复合材料界面存在裂纹，层间剪切强度仅有64.5 MPa。电化学处理碳纤维表面活性官能团含量高，复合材料层间剪切强度达到111 MPa，400 ℃热老化100 h失重率为6.5%。电化学处理环氧上浆碳纤维复合材料界面性能优异，但玻璃化转变温度比未上浆碳纤维复合材料降低约40 ℃。环氧上浆剂对聚酰亚胺复合材料耐温性能存在不利影响，优化碳纤维上浆剂是提升聚酰亚胺复合材料界面匹配性的可行手段。

Abstract

With the rapid development of the aviation industry, advanced aero-engines have imposed increasingly stringent requirements on material properties. To meet the demand for enhancing the thermal resistance and load-bearing capacity of polyimide composites, this study investigates the interfacial compatibility between the surface characteristics of carbon fibers and the polyimide resin matrix. The surface characteristics of carbon fibers under three different treatment conditions are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and surface energy measurements, and the corresponding polyimide composites are fabricated. The interfacial compatibility between carbon fibers and the resin matrix is evaluated by testing the thermal resistance and interfacial strength of the composites. Results reveal that the surface activity of untreated carbon fibers is relatively low, leading to interfacial cracks in the as-prepared composites, with an interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of merely 64.5 MPa. In contrast, electrochemically treated carbon fibers exhibit a high content of surface active functional groups, and the ILSS of the resultant composite reaches 111 MPa, with a weight loss rate of only 6.5% after thermal aging at 400 ℃ for 100 h. Composites prepared from electrochemically treated carbon fibers coated with epoxy sizing demonstrate superior interfacial properties; however, their glass transition temperatureT _g decreases by approximately 40 ℃ compared to those reinforced with unsized carbon fibers. This indicates that epoxy sizing compromises the thermal resistance of polyimide composites. Therefore, optimizing the sizing agent for carbon fibers represents a viable strategy to improve the interfacial compatibility of polyimide composites.

关键词

聚酰亚胺复合材料 / 碳纤维 / 界面 / 耐温性 / 层间剪切强度

Key words

polyimide composite / carbon fiber / interface / thermal resistance / interlaminar shear strength

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基金资助

国家科技重大专项(J2019-Ⅵ-0013)