单晶高温合金研究进展

Review of progress on single crystal superalloy

摘要

单晶高温合金因其优越的高温强度、抗氧化性能、组织稳定性和良好的工艺性能等综合优势，成为航空发动机、燃气轮机的涡轮叶片和导向叶片的关键制备材料。单晶高温合金在高温、复杂应力及氧化环境下服役，其成分复杂、设计方法不完善、变形机理复杂多变、制造流程长且成本昂贵，因此单晶高温合金各方面的研究受到持续关注，在新方法和新技术的支持下取得大量成果。本文综述近年来单晶高温合金在合金研制、设计方法、变形机理、制备工艺等方面的研究进展，并对单晶高温合金后续研究及替代材料的发展情况进行简单介绍。

Abstract

Single-crystal superalloys serve as the pivotal materials for blades and vanes of aeroengines and industrial gas turbines，as they display superior capability at high-temperature，complex-stress，and oxidative environments with microstructural stability balanced with excellent process performance. Furthermore，these alloys exhibit complex compositions and are associated with high costs，while their design methodologies remain relatively underdeveloped，they exhibit complicate deformation mechanism and manufacture process. Hence, much effort is paid to the related research on single crystal superalloy, and many results are obtained based on the new methods and new techniques. This article provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in alloy development，design methods，deformation mechanisms and fabrication processes. Additionally，it offers a brief overview of future research directions for single crystal superalloys and potential alternative materials.

关键词

单晶高温合金 / 成分设计 / 变形机理 / 制备工艺

Key words

single crystal superalloy / composition design / deformation mechanism / fabrication process

参考文献

[1] Duhl D N，Cetel A D. Advanced high strength single crystal superalloy compositions：EP19860630034[P].1992-08-26.

[2] Erickson G L. Single crystal nickel-based superalloy：EP 0577316A2[P].1994-01-05.

[3] Walston W S，O’Hara K S，Ross E W，et al. René N6：third generation single crystal superalloy[C]//Superalloys 1996（Eighth International Symposium）. Warrendale，PA：TMS，1996：27-34.

[4] Argence D，Vernault C，Desvallees Y，et al. MC-NG：a 4th generation single-crystal superalloy for future aeronautical turbine blades and vanes[C]//Superalloys 2000（Ninth International Symposium）. Warrendale，PA：TMS，2000：829-837.

[5] Sato A，Harada H，Yeh A C，et al. A 5th generation SC superalloy with balanced high temperature properties and processability[C]//Superalloys 2008（Eleventh International Symposium）. Warrendale，PA：TMS，2008：131-138.

[6] Kawagishi K，Yeh A，Yokokawa T，et al. Development of an oxidation-resistant high-strength sixth-generation single-crystal superalloy TMS-238[C]//Superalloys 2012（Twelfth International Symposium）. Hoboken：John Wiley & Sons，Inc.， 2012：189-195.

[7] Yokokawa T，Harada H，Mori Y，et al. Design of next generation Ni-base single crystal superalloys containing Ir：towards 1150 ℃ temperature capability[C]//Superalloy 2016. Hoboken：John Wiley & Sons，Inc， 2016：123-130.

[8] Yokokawa T，Harada H，Kawagishi K，et al. Advanced alloy design program and improvement of sixth-generation Ni-base single crystal superalloy TMS-238[M]//Superalloys 2020. Cham：Springer，2020：122-130.

[9] Zhang J X，Murakumo T，Koizumi Y，et al. Interfacial dislocation networks strengthening a fourth-generation single-crystal TMS-138 superalloy[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2002，33（12）：3741-3746.

[10] Zhang J X，Wang J C，Harada H，et al. The effect of lattice misfit on the dislocation motion in superalloys during high-temperature low-stress creep[J].Acta Materialia，2005，53（17）：4623-4633.

[11] Rame J，Utada S，Bortoluci Ormastroni L M，et al. Platinum-containing new generation nickel-based superalloy for single crystalline applications[M]//Superalloys 2020. Cham：Springer，2020：71-81.

[12] Rame J，Caron P，Locq D，et al. Development of AGAT，a third-generation nickel-based superalloy for single crystal turbine blade applications[M]//Superalloys 2020. Cham：Springer，2020：31-40.

[13] Rame J，Menou E，Locq D，et al. Computational design and experimental characterization of a novel third-generation single crystal superalloy with balanced high-temperature creep strength and oxidation resistance[M]//Superalloys 2024. Cham：Springer，2024：64-72.

[14] 廖华清，唐亚俊，张静化，等 . 燃气轮机抗热腐蚀DD8单晶叶片材料及其应用研究[J].材料工程，1992（1）：12-20.

[15] Liao H Q，Tang Y J，Zhang J H，et al. Research on hot corrosion resistant single crystal superalloy DD8 for gas turbine and its application[J].Journal of Materials Engineering，1992（1）：12-20.

[16] Khan T，Caron P. Ni based superalloy for industrial turbine blades：US5403546A[P].1995-04-04.

[17] Fan Z D，Li J，Wang D，et al. Orientation dependence of low cycle fatigue properties of a Ni-based single crystal superalloy DD10[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering，2018，47（1）：1-6.

[18] Shah D M，Cetel A. Evaluation of PWA1483 for large single crystal IGT blade applications[C]//Superalloys 2000（Ninth International Symposium）. Warrendale，PA：TMS，2000：295-304.

[19] Erickson G L. The development of the CMSX-11B and CMSX-11C alloys for industrial gas turbine application[C]//Superalloys 1996（Eighth International Symposium）. Warrendale，PA：TMS，1996：45-52.

[20] Caron P，Blackler M. Superalliage à base de nickel à resistance tres elevee à la corrosion à chaud pour aubes monocristallines de turbines industielles：EP1211 335A1[P].2002-06-05.

[21] Caron P，Blackler M. Superalliage à base de nickel pour aubes monocristallines de turbines industielles ayant une résistance élevée à la corrosion à chaud：EP1211 336A1[P].2002-06-05.

[22] Chen Z H，Dong T，Qu W W，et al. Influence of Cr content on hot corrosion and a special tube sealing test of single crystal nickel base superalloy[J].Corrosion Science，2019，156：161-170.

[23] Song P，Liu M F，Jiang X W，et al. Influence of alloying elements on hot corrosion resistance of nickel-based single crystal superalloys coated with Na₂SO₄ salt at 900 ℃[J].Materials & Design，2021，197：109197.

[24] Wu J J，Jiang X W，Wang Y，et al. Effects of Ta on microstructural stability and mechanical properties of hot corrosion resistant Ni-based single crystal superalloys during long-term thermal exposure[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2021，806：140829.

[25] Zhang C，Huang T W，Xu H Y，et al. Insight of the dendrite’s deformation and fracture in large-sized single-crystal superalloy blades for the formation of slivers[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2025，36：244-251.

[26] Pint B，Haynes J，Unocic K，et al. The effect of water vapor and superalloy composition on thermal barrier coating lifetime[C]//Superalloys 2012（Twelfth International Symposium）. John Wiley & Sons，Inc， 2012：723-732.

[27] Wahl J B，Harris K. New single crystal superalloys，CMSX-7 and CMSX-8[C]//Superalloy 2012. Warrendale，PA：TMS，2012：179-188.

[28] Kawagishi K，Yokokawa T，Kobayashi T，et al. Development of low or zero-rhenium high-performance Ni-base single crystal superalloys for jet engine and power generation applications[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys. Hoboken：The Minerals，Metals & Materials Society， 2016：115-122.

[29] Li J R，Liu S Z，Wang X G，et al. Development of a low-cost third generation single crystal superalloy DD9[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys. Hoboken：The Minerals，Metals & Materials Society， 2016：57-63.

[30] Li Y M，Tan Z H，Guo H Y，et al. Enhancing economic affordability of aircraft engines：development of a low-cost single crystal superalloy DD93 containing 3wt.% Re，designed to meet third-generation superalloys properties[M]//Superalloys 2024. Cham：Springer，2024：176-185.

[31] MacKay R A，Gabb T P，Smialek J L，et al. A new approach of designing superalloys for low density[J].Jom，2010，62（1）：48-54.

[32] Rettig R，Matuszewski K，Müller A，et al. Development of a low-density rhenium-free single crystal nickel-based superalloy by application of numerical multi-criteria optimization using thermodynamic calculations[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys. Hoboken：The Minerals，Metals & Materials Society， 2016：35-44.

[33] Gu Y J，Stiles C D，El-Awady J A. A statistical perspective for predicting the strength of metals：revisiting the Hall-Petch relationship using machine learning[J].Acta Materialia，2024，266：119631.

[34] Zhang H T，Fu H D，Zhu S C，et al. Machine learning assisted composition effective design for precipitation strengthened copper alloys[J].Acta Materialia，2021，215：117118.

[35] Yang C，Ren C，Jia Y F，et al. A machine learning-based alloy design system to facilitate the rational design of high entropy alloys with enhanced hardness[J].Acta Materialia，2022，222：117431.

[36] Zhuang X L，Antonov S，Li W D，et al. Alloying effects and effective alloy design of high-Cr CoNi-based superalloys via a high-throughput experiments and machine learning framework[J].Acta Materialia，2023，243：118525.

[37] Reed R C，Mottura A，Crudden D J. Alloys-by-design：towards optimization of compositions of nickel-based superalloys[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Superalloys. Hoboken：The Minerals，Metals & Materials Society， 2016：15-23.

[38] Lian L X，Li W J，Zhang Y，et al. Design of Ni-based single crystal superalloys by machine learning based on data-driven multi-task optimization[J].Computational Materials Science，2025，256：113969.

[39] Cui Y R，Sun M，Wang L，et al. Machine learning prediction of precipitates guides the discovery of Ni-based single crystal superalloys with high microstructural stability[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2026，1050：185751.

[40] Xu B，Yin H Q，Jiang X，et al. Computational materials design：composition optimization to develop novel Ni-based single crystal superalloys[J].Computational Materials Science，2022，202：111021.

[41] Zhang W Q，Zhou F，Li Z P，et al. Mechanisms of intermediate-temperature brittleness in Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J].International Journal of Mechanical Sciences，2026，314：111409.

[42] Yuan X Y，Zhao J B，Zhao Y S，et al. Improving creep resistance of a Ni-based single crystal superalloy by interfacial strengthening via heat treatment[J].Acta Materialia，2026，304：121800.

[43] Utada S，Yokokawa T，Kobayashi T，et al. Challenging the limit of strengthening by γ/γ′ lattice misfit on the high temperature creep properties of Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2026，57（5）：1794-1812.

[44] Cazacu O，Revil-Baudard B. New yield criterion accounting for the tension-compression anisotropy of single crystal superalloys[J].Mechanics of Materials，2026，217：105654.

[45] Chen J B，Chen J Y，Wang Q J，et al. Enhanced creep resistance induced by minor Ti additions to a second generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy[J].Acta Materialia，2022，232：117938.

[46] Zehl R，Karpstein N，Saksena A，et al. On pipe diffusion of rhenium along misfit-dislocation-networks in Ni-base single crystal superalloys[J].Acta Materialia，2026，308：121656.

[47] Ai C，Li Q，Zhang J，et al. Effect of substituting Mo for W on γ/γ′ partitioning behaviors of alloying elements in heat-treated second generation Ni based single crystal superalloys：an atom probe tomography study[J].Intermetallics，2021，134：107198.

[48] Cai H，Hou J S，Guo Y A，et al. New insight on the influence of Re on the microstructure and creep properties of low-density Ni₃Al-based single crystal superalloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2025，942：148651.

[49] Tan Z H，Wang X G，Cheng Y，et al. Co content dependence on the microstructure characteristic and creep performance at elevated temperature in Ru-containing single crystal superalloys[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2021，825：141906.

[50] Ge Z C，Xie G，Segersäll M，et al. Influence of Ru on the thermomechanical fatigue deformation behavior of a single crystal superalloy[J].International Journal of Fatigue，2022，156：106634.

[51] Zhao Y S，Luo Y S，Zhang M，et al. On the effect of Ru upon creep behaviour and dislocation evolution in Ni-based single crystal superalloys[J].Materials Today Communications，2022，30：103220.

[52] Tan W，He T T，Zhang X N，et al. Synergistic effect of rhenium and tungsten in nickel-based model single crystal superalloys[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2025，35：6965-6975.

[53] Chen J B，Chen J Y，Wang Q J，et al. Mutation in TCP phases and superior stress rupture life led by W/Mo ratio in Ni-based single crystal superalloys[J].Materials Letters，2022，312：131656.

[54] Song W，Wang X G，Li J G，et al. Influence of Ta/Al ratio on the microstructure and creep property of a Ru-containing Ni-based single-crystal superalloy[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2021，89：16-23.

[55] Chang J X，Wang D，Liu T，et al. Role of tantalum in the hot corrosion of a Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J].Corrosion Science，2015，98：585-591.

[56] Chang J X，Wang D，Zhang G，et al. Interaction of Ta and Cr on Type-Ⅰ hot corrosion resistance of single crystal Ni-base superalloys[J].Corrosion Science，2017，117：35-42.

[57] Wei B S，Lin Y，Huang Z W，et al. A novel re-free Ni-based single-crystal superalloy with enhanced creep resistance and microstructure stability[J].Acta Materialia，2022，240：118336.

[58] Luo L，Ru Y，Ma Y，et al. Design for 1200 ℃ creep properties of Ni-based single crystal superalloys：effect of γ′-forming elements and its microscopic mechanism[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2022，832：142494.

[59] Yun H S，Jeon S K，Dao V H，et al. Hydrogen induced activation of cross slip in Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2024，913：147082.

[60] Song X Y，Li S S，Zhao H G，et al. Effect of carbon content on solidification behavior of a Mo- and Al-rich nickel-based single-crystal superalloy[J].Materials & Design，2026，263：115601.

[61] Wang N，Liu J D，Xu W，et al. Yttrium induced formation of new pores in an as-cast nickel-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials Characterization，2024，215：114192.

[62] Wang N，Liu J D，Xu W，et al. Unraveling the dual role of yttrium in the creep deformation mechanism of Ni-based single crystal superalloys：a synergistic effect of lattice misfit and atomic diffusion[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2026，263：129-139.

[63] Tao X P，Wang X G，Meng J，et al. Abnormal improvement of high-temperature stress rupture life in a new low cost Ni-based single crystal superalloy by adding minor nitrogen[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2023，872：144980.

[64] Zhang G Q，Wang L，Pang Y Y，et al. Enhancement of creep properties with trace nitrogen in a low-cost nickel-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2024，918：147420.

[65] Liu C P，Zhang X N，Wang C Y，et al. The micro-mechanism of rhenium promoting the formation of stacking faults in the Ni-based model single crystal superalloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2021，851：156777.

[66] Tian N，Zhao G Q，Meng T，et al. Ultra-high-temperature creep behavior of a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy containing 6% Re/5% Ru[J].Materials Characterization，2021，180：111394.

[67] Guo H Y，Wang X W，Tan Z H，et al. On high cycle fatigue failure mechanism of Ni-based single crystal superalloy within a wide temperature range：a localized plastic deformation model unifying fatigue damage at different temperatures[J].International Journal of Fatigue，2026，204：109392.

[68] Parsa A B，Bürger D，Pollock T M，et al. Misfit and the mechanism of high temperature and low stress creep of Ni-base single crystal superalloys[J].Acta Materialia，2024，264：119576.

[69] Tan Z H，Zou C L，Wang X G，et al. Micro-scale local damage mechanisms and life prediction method of the fourth-generation single crystal superalloy under thermal-mechanical fatigue[J].Scripta Materialia，2025，269：116935.

[70] Lv P S，Liu L R，Zhou Z R，et al. Insights in improving creep resistance of low-cost 2nd-generation nickel based single crystal superalloys at intermediate temperature[J].Scripta Materialia，2025，257：116481.

[71] Nath P，Scholz F，Pfetzing J，et al. Influence of microstructural homogenization on the localized deformation behavior of single-crystal Ni-based superalloy，CMSX-4[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2023，54（11）：4498-4514.

[72] Wang Y F，Zhang W Q，Chen J T，et al. In-situ study the low-cycle fatigue deformation behavior of a fourth-generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 1100 ℃[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2025，36：9761-9772.

[73] Qi D Q，Lu N，Wang G L，et al. Formation mechanisms of stacking faults and twins during creep deformation of a [011] oriented nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 750 ℃[J].Materials Characterization，2025，227：115336.

[74] Lee S，Do J，Choi B G，et al. Local plastic deformation in the vicinity of topologically close-packed phases in a Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials & Design，2025，250：113600.

[75] Jiang W，Li P，Yao W X，et al. The effect of porosity size on the high cycle fatigue life of nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 980 ℃[J].International Journal of Fatigue，2021，147：106191.

[76] Yang W C，Duan X Y，Liu C，et al. Damage tolerance of low angle grain boundary in a fourth generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 1100 ℃ service conditions[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2023，881：145338.

[77] Liu Y，Wu J M，Wang Z C，et al. Predicting creep rupture life of Ni-based single crystal superalloys using divide-and-conquer approach based machine learning[J].Acta Materialia，2020，195：454-467.

[78] Wang P，Li M，Wen Z X，et al. Machine learning-enabled creep life prediction model for nickel-based single crystal superalloys with consideration of structural shape effects[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics，2025，323：111230.

[79] Zhang B，Tao K H，Wang Z A，et al. Effect of wall-thickness and control-mode on the thermomechanical fatigue performance of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy[J].International Journal of Fatigue，2026，206：109405.

[80] Lv J J，Zhao X，Liu X，et al. Thickness-dependent creep rate caused by climbing control of a superdislocation in a Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2023，883：145516.

[81] Wang L，Liu J，Zheng M R，et al. Combined effect of secondary dendrite orientation and wall thickness on creep behavior of a Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2023，968：171968.

[82] Liu J，Yu M H，Min S L，et al. The effect of secondary dendrite orientation on thickness debit effect of nickel-based single-crystal superalloy with tubular samples[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2025，217：80-92.

[83] 张健，王栋，李亚微，等 . 单晶高温合金近服役环境下的变形损伤行为[J].金属学报，2026，62（5）：875-889.

[84] Zhang J，Wang D，Li Y W，et al. Deformation and damage behavior of single crystal superalloys under near-service conditions[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica，2026，62（5）：875-889.

[85] Li M，Wen Z X，Wang P，et al. High temperature creep behavior of Ni-based single crystal superalloy with different structured film cooling holes[J].Engineering Failure Analysis，2025，182：110130.

[86] Jiang K，Liu J L，Sheng N C，et al. Effect of secondary orientation and wall thickness on the creep behavior of a fourth-generation Ni-based single crystal superalloy with film cooling holes[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2026，957：149956.

[87] Li F，Wen Z X，Luo L，et al. Fatigue fracture mechanism and life prediction of nickel-based single crystal superalloy with film cooling holes considering initial manufacturing damage[J].International Journal of Fatigue，2025，197：108902.

[88] Chen S，Zhang W Q，Zhou F，et al. Creep behavior of a 4th Ni-based single crystal superalloy with circular hole at 750 ℃ under high applied stress[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2025，1044：184209.

[89] Tabata C，Kawagishi K，Uzuhashi J，et al. Quantitative analysis of sulfur segregation at the oxide/substrate interface in Ni-base single crystal superalloy[J].Scripta Materialia，2021，194：113616.

[90] Godha A，Das D，Ghosal P，et al. New insights on the interaction of solutes with the defects during creep deformation of CMSX4 Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J].Acta Materialia，2024，281：120360.

[91] Siva K K G V，Oruganti R，Chatterjee P. X-ray rocking curve measurements of dislocation density and creep strain evolution in gamma prime-strengthened Ni-base superalloys[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2019，50（1）：191-198.

[92] Li Z H，Zhao T L，Zhang J，et al. Fusing image and physical data for fatigue life prediction of nickel-based single crystal superalloys[J].Engineering Failure Analysis，2024，162：108343.

[93] Li Y H，Zhou H J，Li L F，et al. Recrystallization in a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy traced by quasi-in-situ EBSD[J].Scripta Materialia，2025，255：116369.

[94] Liu Z X，Zhao Z Y，Zheng T，et al. A mechanism on multiscale heterogenous deformation of nickel-based single crystal superalloys unraveled by time-of-flight neutron diffraction technology[J].Acta Materialia，2024，281：120430.

[95] Liu K L，Wang J S，Yang Y H，et al. An integrated microporosity model of 3D X-ray micro-tomography and directional solidification simulations for Ni-based single crystal superalloys[J].Computational Materials Science，2021，188：110172.

[96] Arnaud A，Sun J，Bachmann F，et al. 3D mosaicity of a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy by lab-based diffraction contrast tomography[J].Scripta Materialia，2025，257：116463.

[97] Zhou Z F，Li R G，Wang Y K，et al. Heterogeneous fatigue damage in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy unraveled using correlative 3D X-ray technology[J].Acta Materialia，2025，297：121326.

[98] Wang B Q，Zeng L，Xia M X，et al. Substrate stimulating technique for Ni-based single crystal superalloy preparation during direction solidification[J].Materials & Design，2022，224：111334.

[99] Yuan X T，Zhou T，Ren W L，et al. Nondestructive effect of the cusp magnetic field on the dendritic microstructure during the directional solidification of nickel-based single crystal superalloy[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2021，62：52-59.

[100] Wang Z C，Li J R，Liu S Z，et al. Investigation on freckle formation of nickel-based single crystal superalloy specimens with suddenly reduced cross section[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2022，918：165631.

[101] Ren W L，Zhou T，Yuan X T，et al. Inhibition of Cusp magnetic field on stray-crystal formation in platform region during directionally solidified single-crystal superalloy[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2022，106：183-194.

[102] Lu K K，Zhang C J，Yuan X T，et al. Effect of magnetic field configuration on stray-crystal formation with different platform sizes during directional solidification of single-crystal superalloy[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica（English Letters），2024，37（5）：904-914.

[103] Zhang C，Huang T W，Zhang Z C，et al. Uniformity of the dendritic microstructure in large-sized single-crystal superalloy blades[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2023，54（7）：2507-2511.

[104] Strickland J，Nenchev B，Tassenberg K，et al. On the origin of mosaicity in directionally solidified Ni-base superalloys[J].Acta Materialia，2021，217：117180.

[105] Han D Y，Jiang W G，Xiao J H，et al. Investigating the evolution of freckles into sliver defects in Ni-based single-crystal superalloy castings[J].Materials Today Communications，2021，27：102350.

[106] Green N，Reed R，Shevchenko D. A permeability-based model for prediction of freckling in nickel superalloy single-crystal castings[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2026，57（5）：2466-2479.

[107] He S L，Li L F，Lu S，et al. HIP effect on the high-temperature creep behavior of a solution-treated nickel-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2024，918：147470.

[108] Ding W W，Zhang B S，Wu J J，et al. Enhanced high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ni-based single crystal superalloys by laser shock peening[J].Journal of Materials Research and Technology，2025，39：638-646.

[109] Rettberg L H，Callahan P G，Goodlet B R，et al. Rejuvenation of directionally solidified and single-crystal nickel-base superalloys[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2021，52（5）：1609-1631.

[110] Feldmann T，Fedelich B，Epishin A. Simulation of hot isostatic pressing in a single-crystal Ni base superalloy with the theory of continuously distributed dislocations combined with vacancy diffusion[J].Advanced Engineering Materials，2022，24（6）：2101341.

[111] Niu H Y，Liu Z Z，Wang H，et al. Effects of hot isostatic pressing on the micron-scale residual stress of nickel-based single-crystal superalloys[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2025，221：102-116.

[112] He S L，Li L F，Yin K，et al. HIP effect on the crack initiation and propagation of HCF for a nickel-based single crystal superalloy at 850 ℃[J].Materials Science and Engineering：A，2026，953：149798.

[113] Hu X L，Yang Y Q，Zhao J B，et al. Surface integrity evolution of a Ni-based single crystal superalloy by laser shock peening[J].Applied Surface Science Advances，2021，6：100183.

[114] Tang Z H，Dong X，Geng Y X，et al. The effect of warm laser shock peening on the thermal stability of compressive residual stress and the hot corrosion resistance of Ni-based single-crystal superalloy[J].Optics & Laser Technology，2022，146：107556.

[115] Yao X，Ding Q，Zhao X，et al. Microstructural rejuvenation in a Ni-based single crystal superalloy[J].Materials Today Nano，2022，17：100152.

[116] Liu J X，Li L F，Lu S，et al. Rejuvenation of a crept second-generation nickel-based single crystal superalloy with emphasis on dendritic scale heterogeneity[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2026，57（5）：2227-2242.

[117] Wang F，Liu Y，Yang Q，et al. Microscale stray grains formation in single-crystal turbine blades of Ni-based superalloys[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2024，191：134-145.

[118] Liu Y，Wang F，Ma D X，et al. Freckle prediction model incorporating geometrical effects for Ni-based single-crystal superalloy components[J].Acta Materialia，2024，266：119702.

[119] Jia Y L，Zhang Y J，Wang S，et al. Constitutional supercooling-induced freckle nucleation mechanism of nickel-based superalloy during directional solidification[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A，2025，56（6）：2202-2214.

[120] Yang L W，Ren N，Li J，et al. Thermal-solutal convection-induced low-angle grain boundaries in single-crystal nickel-based superalloy solidification[J].Journal of Materials Science & Technology，2025，208：214-229.

[121] Yu H，Fu J B，Wang C C，et al. Robust additive manufacturable Ni superalloys designed by the integrated optimization of local elemental segregation and cracking susceptibility criteria[J].Acta Materialia，2024，266：119658.

[122] Lou Z J，Zhu Z L，Shui J，et al. Stray grain formation associated with constitutional supercooling during plasma re-melting of Ni-based single crystal superalloy based on temperature field simulation and actual substrate orientation[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2022，890：161865.

[123] Guo J C，Rong P，Wang L，et al. A comparable study on stray grain susceptibilities on different crystallographic planes in single crystal superalloys[J].Acta Materialia，2021，205：116558.

[124] Lu N N，Lei Z L，Yu X F，et al. Effects of melt convection on stray grain formation in single crystal superalloys during directed energy deposition[J].Additive Manufacturing，2021，48：102429.

[125] Liu Y，Wang Y C，Savinov R，et al. Epitaxial growth of a single-crystal nickel-based superalloy during laser melting with high-power flat-top laser[J].Optics & Laser Technology，2021，144：107444.

[126] Wang J W，Wang H M，Li K J，et al. A new strategy to inhibit stray grain formation during laser directed solidification of single crystal superalloys[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds，2022，906：163852.

[127] Li Z Y. Parameter-process-structure relationships of stray grains（SGs）formation in laser direct energy deposition of single crystal（SX）superalloy[J].Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2024，131：382-400.

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(92360302)