航空发动机用锻造 TiAl 合金的研究进展

Research progress of wrought TiAl alloys for aero-engine applications

摘要

TiAl 合金具有低密度、优异的高温力学性能等优点，可替代镍基高温合金应用于航空发动机转子叶片，一方面可以降低叶片质量，另一方面可以减小叶片转动过程中产生的离心力，有助于盘、轴优化设计，实现航空发动机结构减重。至今 TiAl 合金的发展已历经三代，第一代 TiAl 合金未获得应用，美国研发的第二代 TiAl 合金 4822、 45XD 合金已获得工程应用，采用铸造工艺制备了多种航空发动机低压涡轮叶片，叶片长时使用温度为 650 ℃。目前，国内外研发出了多种第三代 TiAl 合金，包括 TNM、TNB、G8 等，合金在 750 ℃ 具有较好的综合力学性能，第三代 TiAl 合金在航空发动机领域尚未获得工程应用。本文回顾了航空发动机用 TiAl 合金的发展历程，简要总结了锻造 TiAl 合金中固溶强化、沉淀强化元素的种类，评述了锻造 TiAl 合金组织性能、熔炼工艺、热加工工艺以及应用等方面的研究历程与现状，分析了三相、双相锻造 TiAl 合金的特点，阐述了两种第三代锻造 TiAl 合金长时高温暴露后组织、性能演变情况，为航空发动机设计人员对第三代锻造 TiAl 合金选材提供参考。

Abstract

TiAl alloys have advantages such as low density and excellent high-temperature mechanical properties. They can replace nickel-based superalloys in the application of aircraft rotor blades. On one hand，they can reduce the mass of the blades. On the other hand，they can reduce the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the blades，realize the optimized design of the disk and shaft， and contribute to the weight reduction of the aero-engine structure. So far， the development of TiAl alloys has gone through three generations. The first-generation TiAl alloys have not been applied. The second-generation TiAl alloys (4822 and 45XD alloys) developed by the United States have been used in engineering. Various low-pressure turbine blades of aero-engine have been prepared by casting process， and the long-term service temperature of the blades is 650 ℃. At present， a variety of the third-generation TiAl alloys， including TNM， TNB， G8， etc.， have been developed. These alloys have good comprehensive mechanical properties at 750 ℃. The third-generation TiAl alloys have not been used in engineering in the field of aero-engine. This paper reviews the development process of TiAl alloys for aero-engine， briefly summarizes the types of solid solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening elements in forged TiAl alloys， reviews the research process and current situation of the microstructure and properties，remelting process，hot working process and application of wrought TiAl alloys，analyzes the characteristics of three-phase and two-phase wrought TiAl alloys and elaborates the evolution of the microstructure and properties of two third-generation wrought TiAl alloys after long-term high-temperature exposure， providing a reference for the material selection of the third-generation wrought TiAl alloys by aero-engine designers.

关键词

锻造TiAl合金 / 热暴露 / 热加工 / 应用

Key words

wrought TiAl alloy / hot exposure / hot working process / application

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基金资助

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