结合术前炎症指标与临床特征的结直肠黏液腺癌诊断模型的构建与验证

方庆 ,  李曙湘 ,  袁进益 ,  谭杰 ,  李鸿民 ,  许云华 ,  付广 ,  黄秋林 ,  肖帅

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10) : 2119 -2128.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10) : 2119 -2128. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240245
专题研究

结合术前炎症指标与临床特征的结直肠黏液腺癌诊断模型的构建与验证

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Construction and validation of a diagnostic model for colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma integrating preoperative inflammatory and clinical features

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摘要

背景与目的 结直肠黏液腺癌(MAC)是一种具有独特生物学特征的结直肠癌亚型,因其恶性程度高、术前活检确诊率低而给临床决策带来挑战。炎症微环境在MAC发生发展中作用显著。为提高术前诊断准确性,本研究旨在基于术前系统性炎症指标及临床特征,构建并验证结直肠MAC的列线图预测模型。 方法 回顾性分析2017年6月—2022年6月南华大学附属第一医院行根治性切除的结直肠癌患者293例临床资料。依据术后病理结果分为非特异性腺癌(AC)组和MAC组,并采用倾向评分匹配(PSM)进行1∶1配对。比较两组术前炎症指标差异后,利用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选MAC的独立预测因子,并据此建立列线图模型。采用受试者工作特征曲线、校准曲线和决策曲线分析(DCA)评估模型的鉴别力、校准度及临床实用性。 结果 MAC组46例,AC组247例,MAC术前肠镜确诊率为54%。PSM后(各组43例),MAC组术前血小板计数、血小板淋巴细胞比(PLR)、全身免疫指数(SII)、炎症相关预后指数评分(IPI)、全身炎症评分(SIS)明显高于AC组,而淋巴细胞单核细胞比(LMR)明显较低(均P<0.05)。多因素分析确定肿瘤部位、肿瘤最大径及IPI为独立预测因素。构建的列线图模型在训练队列(n=206)和验证队列(n=87)中的曲线下面积分别为0.759(95% CI=0.662~0.856)和0.776(95% CI=0.649~0.903),校准曲线拟合良好,DCA显示具有较高的临床应用价值。 结论 本研究建立的基于肿瘤部位、肿瘤最大径及术前IPI的列线图模型,可有效辅助结直肠MAC的术前识别。该模型具有良好的区分度和实用性,为制定个体化治疗方案,尤其是无法手术患者的精准决策,提供了有价值的量化工具。

Abstract

Background and Aims Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colorectum (MAC) is a distinct histologic subtype of colorectal cancer characterized by high malignancy and low diagnostic accuracy of preoperative biopsy, posing challenges for clinical decision-making. Given the critical role of the inflammatory microenvironment in tumor progression, this study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram model integrating preoperative systemic inflammatory indicators and clinical features to improve the preoperative diagnosis of MAC. Methods Clinical data of 293 patients with colorectal cancer who underwent radical resection between June 2017 and June 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China were retrospectively analyzed. Based on postoperative pathology, patients were classified into the mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) group and the non-specific adenocarcinoma (AC) group. Propensity score matching (PSM, 1∶1) was used to balance age, T stage, and N stage. Differences in preoperative inflammatory indices were compared between groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of MAC, which were incorporated into a diagnostic nomogram. The model's discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Among the 293 patients, 46 had MAC and 247 had AC, with a preoperative colonoscopic diagnostic rate of 54% for MAC. After PSM (43 pairs), platelet count, platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune inflammation index (SII), inflammation related prognostic index (IPI), and systemic inflammation score (SIS) were significantly higher in the MAC group, while lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) was lower (all P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified tumor location, maximum tumor diameter, and preoperative IPI as independent predictors. The AUCs of the nomogram in the training (n=206) and validation (n=87) cohorts were 0.759 (95% CI=0.662-0.856) and 0.776 (95% CI=0.649-0.903), respectively. Calibration plots showed good agreement between predicted and observed probabilities, and DCA demonstrated satisfactory clinical applicability. Conclusion A nomogram model integrating tumor location, tumor size, and preoperative IPI was successfully developed and validated for preoperative diagnosis of colorectal MAC. This model provides a practical, quantitative tool with good predictive performance to assist clinicians in individualized treatment planning, particularly for patients ineligible for surgical biopsy.

Graphical abstract

关键词

结直肠肿瘤 / 腺癌,黏液 / 炎症 / 列线图

Key words

Colorectal Neoplasms / Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Inflammation / Nomograms

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方庆,李曙湘,袁进益,谭杰,李鸿民,许云华,付广,黄秋林,肖帅. 结合术前炎症指标与临床特征的结直肠黏液腺癌诊断模型的构建与验证[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(10): 2119-2128 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240245

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结直肠黏液腺癌(mucinous adenocarcinoma,MAC)是一种独特的组织学亚型,约占结直肠癌的10%~20%[1]。结直肠MAC的发生发展与放疗、炎性肠病、肠道菌群失调等多种因素引起的慢性炎症有关[2-3]。此外,与结直肠非特异性腺癌(non-specific adenocarcinoma,AC)相比,结直肠MAC往往处于更晚期,预后更差[4-5]。结直肠MAC术前活检的诊断率低,往往被诊断为结直肠AC[6]。研究显示,尽管MAC患者可以从结直肠癌的标准治疗中获益,但是其总体肿瘤学结果仍然不令人满意,且多项研究[7-9]报道,MAC对目前基于氟尿嘧啶的一线治疗方案相对不敏感,而对抗血管生成治疗相对敏感。在个体化和精准医疗时代,识别有效的术前预测因素提高术前诊断率,特别是针对需要进行术前治疗(新辅助/转化治疗等)或无法手术获得大体标本病理诊断的结直肠MAC患者,有望为其制定更具有针对性的治疗策略,以求达到更好的治疗效果。
目前结直肠癌术前检查有结肠镜检查、粪便隐血测试(fecal occult blood test,FOBT)、粪便免疫化学测试(fecal immunochemical test,FIT)、钡剂灌肠造影、CT/MRI等。其中结肠镜活检被认为是结直肠癌术前诊断的金标准,具有高敏感度和特异度[10-11]。但是对于结直肠MAC这类特殊亚型腺癌,结肠镜活检术前诊断率较低,准确率仅30%左右。因此,迫切需要发展新的诊断或预测方法来提高结直肠MAC的术前诊断率。
系统性炎症指标是用来评估炎症状态、活动性及其对机体的影响的各种生物标志物,通常能反映机体对感染、肿瘤、创伤、手术或慢性疾病等不同病理状态下的反应。
肿瘤炎性微环境与肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关,大量研究表明中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比(neutrophil lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、血小板淋巴细胞比(platelet lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、淋巴细胞单核细胞比(lymphocyte monocyte ratio,LMR)、全身免疫指数(systemic immune inflammation index,SII)、炎症相关预后指数评分(inflammation related prognostic index,IPI)、白蛋白球蛋白比(albumin-globulin ratio,AGR)、全身炎症评分(systemic inflammation score,SIS)衍生中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比(derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,dNLR)、单核细胞淋巴细胞比(monocyte to lymphocyte ratio,MLR)等系统性炎症反应指标可作为预测恶性肿瘤,尤其是结直肠癌患者预后的有效指标,然而能否联合上述指标术前预测结直肠癌患者病理类型的尚未证明[12-14]。系统性炎症指标的组合使用可以提供更全面的炎症状态评估。例如,NLR和PLR均结合了多种血液学参数的炎症指标,它们在预测肿瘤患者的预后和响应治疗方面显示出了一定的价值。虽然白蛋白和球蛋白本身不是直接的炎症指标,但它们的变化同样可以反映身体的炎症状态。因有大量证据提示MAC发生与炎症密切相关,因此本研究拟通过分析术前白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、血小板、白蛋白、球蛋白、NLR、PLR、LMR、SII、IPI、AGR、SIS、dNLR、MLR等炎症相关指标对结直肠MAC的术前诊断价值进行研究,并建立列线图预测模型,为改善结直肠MAC的术前诊断提供帮助。

1 资料与方法

1.1 患者选择

本研究为一项回顾性研究,选择2017年6月1日—2022年6月1日在南华大学附属第一医院胃肠外科初诊活检确诊为腺癌(术后病理为AC或MAC)并行手术治疗的结直肠癌患者,通过“隔三抽一”的随机抽样方式(根据患者编号进行排序,并按照每隔3例病例抽取1例的原则进行样本选择)共收集623例患者临床资料,并根据纳入、排除标准最终入组符合要求的患者293例。纳入标准:(1) 年龄18~80岁者;(2) 术前未行任何抗肿瘤治疗者;(3) 术前1个月内无升白细胞、升血小板等治疗者;(4) 术前有肠镜及活检报告,且活检明确诊断为腺癌者;(5) 术后病理诊断病理类型为AC或MAC。排除标准:(1) 临床资料不完整者;(2) 术前存在严重贫血、感染、血液系统疾病者;(3) 合并严重心、肺等重要器官疾病者;(4) 存在自身免疫疾病者;(5) 有炎症性肠病和其他恶性肿瘤病史者;(6) 术后病理非AC或MAC;(7) 行姑息手术或急诊手术者。MAC的病理评估标准:在腺癌诊断基础上,肿瘤组织中有丰富的细胞外黏液,占肿瘤体积的至少50%[15]。研究流程如图1

1.2 数据收集

通过查阅电子病历系统收集患者的年龄、性别;术前最后1次患者外周静脉血血液学检查结果,包括患者血常规(白细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞、血小板),血生化(白蛋白、球蛋白)。计算纳入患者系统性炎症指标:NLR、PLR、LMR、SII、PNI、LA、IPI、AGR、SIS、dNLR、MLR的数值:NLR=中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数;PLR=血小板计数/淋巴细胞计数;LMR=淋巴细胞计数/单核细胞计数;SII=血小板计数×中性粒细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数;PNI=白蛋白水平(g/L)+0.005×淋巴细胞计数;LA=淋巴细胞计数×白蛋白水平(g/dL);IPI评分(0:NLR≤3.0并且白蛋白≥35.0 g/L;1:NLR≤3.0或者白蛋白<35.0 g/L;2:NLR>3.0并且白蛋白<35.0 g/L);AGR=血清白蛋白/血清球蛋白;SIS评分(0:白蛋白>4.0 g/dL和LMR>4.44;1:白蛋白≥4.0 g/dL或者LMR≥4.44;2:白蛋白<4.0 g/dL和LMR<4.44);dNLR=中性粒细胞计数/(白细胞计数-中性粒计数);MLR=单核细胞计数/淋巴细胞计数。通过查阅术前CT/MRI检查报告收集患者肿瘤部位、肿瘤最大径。南华大学附属第一医院机构审查委员会批准将病历数据用于本研究(伦理编号:2024LL0415001)。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料以均值±标准差(x¯±s)描述,两组之间采用独立样本t检验进行比较;非正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位距)[MIQR)]描述,组间比较采用非参数秩和检验。分类资料以例数(百分数)[n(%)]表示,通过χ2检验或者Fisher确切概率法进行组间比较;应用倾向性匹配分析(propensity score matching,PSM)将两组基线资料包括年龄、T分期、N分期进行1∶1匹配,卡钳值为0.02,进一步比较两组基线资料。将临床病理特征、术前血清学指标及炎症参数的复合指标(其中年龄、T分期及N分期用于PSM,不纳入Logistic回归)纳入PSM后的患者进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响结直肠MAC的术前预测因素。应用R4.2.2软件建立列线图模型,以Bootstrap法进行内部验证,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)和校准图,分别通过ROC曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)、Hosemer-Lemeshow检验、决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)来评价预测模型的区分度、校准度以及临床实用性。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 患者PSM前后临床病理特征基线特征

根据纳入和排除标准进行筛选后,247例结直肠AC患者(AC组)和46例结直肠MAC患者(MAC组)被纳入队列进行后续分析。根据病理评估标准,MAC组中,25例术前肠镜活检确诊为MAC、而21例术前诊断为AC,术前肠镜确诊率为54%。两组患者在性别、淋巴结转移方面差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。MAC组患者平均年龄明显低于AC组(P=0.019),原发肿瘤通常位于右半结肠(P<0.01),肿瘤最大径明显大于AC组(P<0.01),且术后pT分期高于AC组(P=0.011)。经PSM后,MAC组的原发肿瘤部位(P=0.036)及肿瘤最大径(P=0.023)与AC组差异仍有统计学意义(表1)。

2.2 患者PSM前后炎症相关指标基线特征

两组间术前白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、单核细胞计数、血清白蛋白水平、血清球蛋白水平、PNI、LA、AGR和dNLR差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。MAC组的术前中性粒细胞计数(P=0.033)、血小板(P<0.01)、NLR(P=0.029)、PLR(P<0.01)、SII(P=0.001)、IPI(P=0.006)、SIS(P=0.036)、MLR(P=0.021)均明显高于AC组;而MAC组的术前血红蛋白水平(P=0.001)和LMR(P=0.021)明显低于AC组。PSM后,MAC组的术前血小板(P<0.005)、PLR(P=0.002)、SII(P=0.009)、IPI(P=0.001)、SIS(P=0.030)均明显高于AC组;术前LMR(P=0.032)仍低于AC组(表2)。

2.3 结直肠MAC术前诊断预测因素分析

单因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤部位、肿瘤最大径、PLR、IPI、SIS是结直肠MAC术前诊断的预测因素(均P<0.05)(表3)。采用向后法逐步回归多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤部位、肿瘤最大径、IPI是结直肠MAC术前诊断的独立预测因素(均P<0.05)(表4)。

2.4 辅助术前预测诊断结直肠MAC的列线图构建及验证

根据相关研究[16],为验证该模型的可靠性,将整体患者按7∶3随机划分为训练队列(n=206)和验证队列(n=87)。在训练队列中根据Logistic逐步回归筛选出来的变量构建列线图模型(图2),每项预测指标刻度线上的数值对应评分刻度线上的评分,所有指标评分相加即为总评分,总评分对应MAC预测值。采用Bootstrap法对列线图预测模型进行内部验证,自抽样次数为1 000次,结果显示,训练集中模型ROC曲线(图3A)的AUC为0.759(95% CI=0.662~0.856)。模型校准图显示,校准预测曲线与参考曲线吻合良好(图3B)。在验证队列中模型ROC曲线(图3C)的AUC为0.776(95% CI=0.649~0.903),模型校准图显示,校准预测曲线与参考曲线偏离稍大(图3D),但Hosemer-Lemeshow检验显示模型在验证队列中同样有较好的预测能力(P=0.787)。利用DCA评估该预测模型的临床实用性,曲线显示在0.09~0.64的阈值范围内有较高的净收益(图3E)。

3 讨 论

炎症介质可引起肿瘤微环境改变并参与肿瘤进展与转移[17]。局部或全身炎症可引起炎症细胞、趋化因子和细胞因子的募集进而导致肿瘤的产生。在此过程中,监视清除肿瘤细胞的适应性免疫功能受到影响,这将导致炎症相关标志和指数发生改变。在炎症性肠病期间,包括大肠杆菌在内的微生物引起的慢性炎症已证实可以导致结直肠癌的发生[18]。值得注意的是,在炎症性肠病、放疗、细菌感染等慢性炎症相关的结直肠癌中更频繁地出现黏液分化的现象[19],这表明炎症可能是结直肠MAC的主要诱因和标志特征之一。近年来已有多项研究[20-24]证实术前系统性炎症指标在肿瘤的预后预测及诊断中的作用日益突出。本研究结果显示,结直肠MAC患者多项炎症指标(如PLR、SII、IPI等)显著高于结直肠AC患者,反映出结直肠MAC可能存在更强的系统性炎症背景和宿主免疫抑制状态[25-26]。值得注意的是,IPI被首次确定为MAC的独立诊断因素,该指标综合了CRP、NLR和白蛋白等多维信息,更全面地反映了机体的炎症-营养-免疫状态。已有研究[27-28]证实,高IPI评分与非小细胞肺癌、转移性胃癌患者的不良预后以及低生存率相关。与既往研究[29-31]相比,本研究进一步证实了MAC好发于右半结肠、肿瘤体积较大等临床特征,支持了其独特的临床行为模式。笔者根据上述变量所构建的列线图模型在内部验证中显示出良好的鉴别能力(AUC=0.759,95% CI=0.662~0.856),校准曲线也显示预测与实际结果具有较好一致性,为MAC术前诊断提供了实用性强、可量化的辅助工具。

尽管近年来MRI(特别是扩散加权成像和T2加权成像)在鉴别MAC方面展现出潜力,能够无创评估黏液成分和肿瘤边界[32-36],但其应用仍受限于设备可及性、成本效益以及结肠解剖特性带来的图像采集困难。相比之下,本研究提供的血液学指标模型具有快速、便捷、经济且可重复的优势,可作为影像学检查的重要补充,尤其适用于医疗资源有限的环境。

本研究存在若干局限性:首先为单中心回顾性设计,可能存在选择偏倚;其次,炎症指标与MAC发生的具体分子机制尚需通过基础研究进一步阐明。未来需要通过多中心前瞻性研究验证模型的泛化能力,并探索将影像学特征与炎症指标相结合的综合诊断模式,同时深入开展炎症微环境与黏液产生机制的相关研究,为最终实现MAC的精准诊断和个体化治疗提供更有力的支持。

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基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2022JJ30538)

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2023JJ60368)

湖南省自然科学基金资助项目(2022JJ50162)

湖南省卫生健康高层次人才重大科研专项基金资助项目(20230533)

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