乌司他丁抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路介导的炎症反应改善急性胰腺炎相关肠功能障碍

张思琦 ,  高明 ,  王琪

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (03) : 506 -515.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (03) : 506 -515. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240419
基础研究

乌司他丁抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路介导的炎症反应改善急性胰腺炎相关肠功能障碍

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Ulinastatin Inhibits TLR4/NF-κB pathway-mediated inflammatory response to improve acute pancreatitis-associated intestinal dysfunction

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摘要

背景与目的 急性胰腺炎(AP)伴发肠损伤及肠屏障功能障碍可显著恶化AP预后,目前临床上对于AP相关肠功能障碍尚无有效性治疗方案。乌司他丁(UTI)具有抑制胰蛋白酶活性和抗炎的作用,是临床治疗AP的常规用药,但UTI是否对AP相关肠损伤具有直接改善作用尚不明确。因此,本研究探讨UTI对AP相关肠功能障碍的治疗效果及可能的机制。 方法 将30只大鼠随机均分为3组,分别腹腔注射PBS(对照组)、20% L-精氨酸(AP组)、20% L-精氨+UTI(UTI组)。在初次注射L-精氨酸(或PBS)后第0、24、48 h取尾静脉血,并在最后1次取血后处死大鼠取胰腺和末端回肠组织。用ELISA法检测各组大鼠血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶、肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白(I-FABP)和二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平;行胰腺和末端回肠组织病理学检查;用Western blot法检测末端回肠组织肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)、白介素1β(IL-1β)以及白介素10(IL-10)的蛋白表达;用Western blot法及qRT-PCR法检测末端回肠组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子κB(NF-κB)p-p65的蛋白与mRNA表达水平。 结果 与对照组比较,AP组与UTI组大鼠均出现明显的AP改变(血清淀粉酶与脂肪酶升高、胰腺组织病理损伤)与AP相关肠损伤(I-FABP与DAO水平降低、回肠组织病理损伤),但UTI组的上述指标的变化均明显弱于AP组(均P<0.01)。与对照组比较,AP组与UTI组回肠组织中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6以抗炎因子IL-10的蛋白表达水平均明显升高,但UTI组促炎因子水平明显低于AP组,IL-10水平明显高于AP组(均P<0.01)。与对照组比较,AP组与UTI组回肠组织中TLR4/NF-κB通路分子TLR4和NF-κB p-p65的蛋白和mRNA表达均明显上调,但UTI组的上调程度明显低于AP组(均P<0.01)。 结论 UTI能抑制AP大鼠回肠组织TLR4/NF-κB通路活性,进而降低回肠组织促炎因子水平、提高抗炎因子水平。因此,UTI除了抗胰腺炎作用外,可能对AP相关肠功能障碍有直接改善作用。

Abstract

Background and Aims Acute pancreatitis (AP) accompanied by intestinal injury and intestinal barrier dysfunction can significantly worsen AP prognosis. Currently, there is no effective clinical treatment for AP-related intestinal dysfunction. Ulinastatin (UTI) is a conventional drug used for AP treatment due to its ability to inhibit trypsin activity and exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether UTI directly improves AP-related intestinal injury remains unclear. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of UTI in AP-related intestinal dysfunction. Methods Thirty rats were equally randomized into three groups and received intraperitoneal injections of PBS (control group), 20% L-arginine (AP group), or 20% L-arginine + UTI (UTI group). Tail vein blood samples were collected at 0, 24, and 48 h after the initial injection of L-arginine (or PBS), and the rats were euthanized after the final blood collection to obtain pancreatic and terminal ileum tissues. Serum levels of amylase, lipase, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), and diamine oxidase (DAO) were measured using ELISA. Histopathological examinations of the pancreas and terminal ileum were conducted. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in terminal ileum tissue. Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to assess the protein and mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p-p65 in the terminal ileum. Results Compared with the control group, both the AP and UTI groups exhibited significant AP changes (elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, pancreatic histopathological damage) and AP-related intestinal injury (decreased I-FABP and DAO levels, ileal histopathological damage). However, these alterations were significantly less severe in the UTI group compared to the AP group (all P<0.01). Compared with the control group, both the AP and UTI groups showed significantly increased protein expression of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the ileal tissue; however, the UTI group exhibited significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory factors and higher levels of IL-10 compared to the AP group (all P<0.01). Additionally, compared with the control group, both the AP and UTI groups displayed significant upregulation of TLR4 and NF-κB p-p65 protein and mRNA expressions in ileal tissue, but the upregulations were significantly lower in the UTI group compared to the AP group (all P<0.01). Conclusion UTI can inhibit the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in the ileal tissue of AP rats, thereby reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. Therefore, in addition to its anti-pancreatitis effects, UTI may have a direct therapeutic effect on AP-related intestinal dysfunction.

Graphical abstract

关键词

胰腺炎 / 肠衰竭 / 乌司他丁 / 全身炎症反应综合征

Key words

Pancreatitis / Intestinal Failure / Ulinastatin / Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

引用本文

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张思琦,高明,王琪. 乌司他丁抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路介导的炎症反应改善急性胰腺炎相关肠功能障碍[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(03): 506-515 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240419

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急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)是一种具有异质性和复杂性的消化系统疾病,其急性炎症进程多变[1]。大约80%的患者发展为轻至中度胰腺炎,相比之下,约20%的患者发展为以感染性胰腺坏死(infected pancreatic necrosis,IPN)和多系统器官功能衰竭(multisystem organ failure,MSOF)为特征的重症急性胰腺炎(severe acute pancreatitis,SAP)[2-3]。AP患者在病程早期因炎症反应可出现肠损伤,引起肠道屏障功能障碍及肠道细菌易位增加,是胰腺组织发生IPN并发症的关键,突出了以IPN等局部并发症为主的第二个死亡高峰[4-5]。同时,AP期间伴发肠损伤及肠屏障功能障碍也在MSOF的发生机制中发挥重要作用,并显著恶化AP预后[6]。目前针对AP相关肠功能障碍并发症的治疗较为局限,例如中药(大黄、芒硝及复方制剂,如清胰汤、大承气汤等)口服或灌肠、胃肠减压、促胃肠动力药、益生菌等有助于促进患者胃肠道功能恢复,减轻腹痛及腹胀症状[7-8]。因此,AP早期迫切需要针对AP相关肠功能障碍的预防性或针对性治疗方案。研究表明,活化的巨噬细胞是SAP全身炎症和组织损伤恶化的中心,被认为是驱动远端器官损伤的重要因素[9],其中Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)/核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)通路介导的巨噬细胞活化明显促进炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin 1β,IL-1β)的产生,进一步放大炎症反应,从而加重肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cells,IEC)损伤和肠屏障功能障碍[10]
乌司他丁(ulinastatin,UTI)作为一种蛋白酶抑制剂,可抑制胰蛋白酶和弹性蛋白酶等多种蛋白酶活性[11],并可减少免疫炎性细胞活化和跨内皮迁移,减少免疫炎性细胞浸润,下调促炎细胞因子,抑制过度的炎症反应从而发挥抗炎作用[12]。而UTI对改善AP相关肠损伤的作用研究甚少,本研究利用L-精氨酸诱导建立AP大鼠模型,结合相关指标血清学检测、组织病理学评估、Western blot及qRT-PCR检测等方法,以验证UTI改善AP及其相关肠功能障碍的治疗效果及其潜在机制,为UTI在AP及其多种并发症的扩展应用提供思路及依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 实验动物

本研究经安徽医科大学伦理委员会批准(批号:LLSC20231041),所有动物实验均按照安徽医科大学动物保护与使用委员会相关指导标准执行。SPD级成年雄性实验大鼠购自于辽宁长生生物技术股份有限公司(3~4月龄;体质量250~300 g),置于室温、50%湿度、12 h/12 h明暗交替的IVC独立通风系统动物培养间,给予自由饮水和标准饲料饮食。

1.2 AP大鼠模型建立及实验分组

将大鼠随机分为3组(每组10只):腹腔注射磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)(对照组)、20% L-精氨酸(AP组)、20% L-精氨+UTI(UTI组)。采用PBS配置20% L-精氨酸溶液,AP组和UTI组大鼠按照2.5 g/kg总剂量分2次、间隔1 h进行腹腔注射,建立AP大鼠模型,对照组采用相同方法腹腔注射等量PBS。UTI组大鼠在最后1次L-精氨酸注射后立即按照10 000 U/kg剂量腹腔注射UTI,间隔24 h后重复注射1次,AP组大鼠在同一时间点给予等量PBS。

1.3 ELISA检测

实验大鼠先用CO2预麻醉,再腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠进行麻醉。分别于初次注射L-精氨酸后第0、24、48 h用肝素化注射器采取尾静脉血,并于4 ℃条件下以4 000 r/min转速离心10 min分离出血清后将其置于EP管中并在-80 ℃液氮冻存,进行统一检测。采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶、肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白(intestinal fatty aid binding protein,I-FABP)和二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)水平。

1.4 病理学检测

实验大鼠腹腔注射3%戊巴比妥钠后处死,无菌条件下收集新鲜胰腺和末端回肠组织,并用4%多聚甲醛溶液在4 ℃条件下固定,石蜡包埋,切片脱蜡,用苏木精-伊红溶液染色胰腺和末端回肠组织切片,切片脱水后用光学树脂胶粘剂密封。在100倍和200倍光学电子显微镜下观察HE染色胰腺和末端回肠组织病理学改变,根据Schoenberg评分系统对胰腺病理损伤程度进行评分[13]表1),根据Chiu评分系统对末端回肠组织病理损伤程度进行评分[14]表2)。

1.5 Western blot检测

将末端回肠组织研磨后用RAPI蛋白裂解液裂解,通过BCA蛋白检测试剂盒完成总蛋白的定量检测,再采用SDS-PAGE电泳2 h进行蛋白质分离,并转移印迹到PVDF膜上。然后将膜浸泡在Tris缓冲盐水和5%脱脂牛奶中并在室温下封闭2 h,最后与以下抗体混合并在4 ℃条件下培养过夜,包括鼠多克隆抗TLR4、NF-κB p-p65、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、白细胞介素10(interleukin 10,IL-10)以及鼠单克隆GAPDH抗体。用TBST缓冲液洗涤3次后再加入HRP标记的抗体山羊抗兔IgG并在室温下孵育2 h。最后,使用Immobilon™ Western HRP底物试剂盒观察显色;采用Quantity One version 4.6.9进行密度定量分析。以GAPDH作为内参对照。

1.6 qRT-PCR检测

将末端回肠组织研磨,使用TRIzol试剂裂解后分离提取总RNA,并利用PrimeScript RT Master混合物逆转录成cDNA,再使用SYBR Premix Ex Taq™试剂进行qRT-PCR检测,使用GAPDH作为内参对照,采用2-ΔΔCT法检测相对表达情况。qRT-PCR中使用的引物序列见表3

1.7 统计学处理

所有数据均用Excel 2019软件记录,采用IBM SPSS 21.0软件进行统计分析,使用GraphPad Prism 8软件生成图形。服从正态分布的计量资料结果以平均值±标准差(x¯±s)表示。组间计量资料对比采用单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 UTI对AP的改善作用

AP组及UTI组大鼠血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平在第24 h及48 h均明显高于对照组,但UTI组较AP组明显降低(均P<0.01)(图1)。对照组比较,AP组大鼠胰腺组织损伤主要表现为组织水肿、炎症细胞浸润、空泡形成及坏死,UTI组胰腺组织病理损伤较AP组亦明显减轻,且胰腺组织损伤病理评分明显低于AP组(P<0.01)(图2)。

2.2 UTI对AP相关肠损伤的改善作用

AP组和UTI组大鼠第24 h和48 h的血清I-FABP和DAO水平均明显高于对照组,但UTI组大鼠血清I-FABP、DAO水平较AP组明显降低(均P<0.01)(图3)。AP组末端回肠组织病理损伤主要表现为上皮下间隙扩张、绒毛脱落、毛细血管出血、固有层消化崩解等,而经UTI处理后上述病理损伤明显改善,且UTI组末端回肠组织病理评分明显低于AP组(P<0.01)(图4)。

2.3 回肠组织炎症相关因子表达情况

AP组和UTI组的促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6蛋白均明显高于对照组,而与AP组比较,UTI组的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6蛋白水平明显降低(均P<0.01);AP组和UTI组的抗炎因子IL-10明显高于对照组,而UTI组IL-10水平明显高于AP组(均P<0.01)(图5)。

2.4 回肠组织TLR4/NF-κB通路相关分子表达情况

AP组和UTI组TLR4及NF-κB p-p65的蛋白表达水平明显高于对照组,而UTI组TLR4及NF-κB p-p65的蛋白表达水平较AP组明显降低(均P<0.01)。AP组和UTI组TLR4及NF-κB p-p65的mRNA表达水平明显高于对照组,而UTI组的TLR4及NF-κB p-p65的mRNA表达水平较AP组显著降低(均P<0.01)(图6)。

3 讨 论

本研究论证了UTI在AP相关肠功能障碍中的作用及潜在机制。研究结果发现,UTI不仅具有降低大鼠血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶水平并改善AP胰腺组织损伤的作用外,还可以降低血清I-FABP、DAO水平并改善AP相关肠组织损伤。进一步探究发现,UTI明显降低肠组织中促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6的表达水平并升高抗炎因子IL-10的表达水平,此外,UTI可降低TLR4和NF-κB的蛋白和mRNA表达水平,表明UTI通过下调TLR4/NF-κB通路表达水平而发挥抗炎作用。本研究首次表明UTI可通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路介导的炎症反应来改善AP相关肠功能障碍。

UTI是从尿中分离纯化的一种糖蛋白,属于广谱类丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,UTI可以抑制多种蛋白水解酶的活性,包括胰蛋白酶和弹性蛋白酶,早期应用UTI已被证明可以抑制中性粒细胞蛋白酶的释放和过度的炎症反应,近年来已被临床上广泛用于急性呼吸窘迫综合征、急性循环衰竭以及脓毒血症等治疗[15-16]。一项随机对照试验的系统评价和Meta分析[17]证实,与生长抑素类似物单药治疗相比,UTI联合生长抑素类似物可显著降低AP相关并发症的发生率,包括急性呼吸窘迫综合征、急性肾损伤和多器官功能障碍综合征等。此外,在SAP的实验模型中,UTI可以通过增加CD4 CD25调节性T细胞的百分比,减少T淋巴细胞的增殖反应,从而逆转胰腺组织学损伤并降低淀粉酶水平[18]。本研究结果表明,UTI治疗后AP大鼠的血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性水平明显降低,胰腺组织水肿、炎症细胞浸润和坏死等病理评分亦显著降低,AP大鼠的胰腺组织病理损伤明显改善。而由于血胰屏障的存在和特异性较低,UTI的治疗效果受到限制,Chen等[19]在治疗基础上开发出巨噬细胞仿生纳米颗粒(MU)来递送UTI,结果表明,MU在胰腺炎小鼠模型中表现出较强的炎症靶向作用,抑制促炎因子,从而对AP有更好的治疗作用。

肠功能障碍是AP早期最常见的并发症之一,AP并发肠功能障碍的发病机制复杂,瀑布式急性全身性炎症反应以及肠道菌群移位被认为是AP患者并发肠损伤及肠屏障功能障碍的重要特征[20]。一方面,AP腺泡细胞损伤后释放大量炎性介质引起全身性级联炎症反应和肠道缺血再灌注损伤,降低了IEC中紧密连接结构蛋白的表达,从而直接导致IEC损伤[21]。另一方面,AP期间腹腔炎性渗出致使IEC损伤以及肠黏膜通透性提高,致使肠道菌群移位明显增加,导致肠源性感染的发生[22]。此外部分菌群及其分泌的内毒素通过损伤的IEC进入血液循环并放大全身性级联炎症反应,显著加重AP和肠道屏障功能衰竭[23]。值得关注的是,本研究亦证明UTI还可以降低肠功能损伤标志物I-FABP和DAO的水平,减轻肠黏膜组织学损伤,从而改善AP相关肠损伤并发症。Wenying等[24]同样发现,UTI通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB抗炎信号通路转导并减少级联炎症反应,从而发挥对脓毒症大鼠肠黏膜屏障的保护作用。

研究[25]表明,AP中TLR4受体被激活并活化下游NF-κB信号通路,且通路蛋白表达水平与肠屏障功能障碍呈正相关。TLR4是TLR家族最重要的成员之一,它是一种模式识别受体,识别致病相关和损伤相关分子模式与TLR4受体的结合后经过一系列磷酸化级联反应,靶向并触发NF-κB通路的激活,导致炎症介质的过度释放,参与先天免疫并通过识别脂多糖或细菌内毒素介导炎症反应[26]。NF-κB是一种蛋白质复合物,NF-κB p65为NF-κB激活后的主要作用形式,其能对细胞内多种基因转录过程进行调控,是调节包括TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6等在内的多种炎症因子表达的中心转录因子[27-28]。大量研究表明,UTI通过调节TLR4/NF-κB信号通路在多种疾病中的发挥重要抗炎作用。Cao等[29-30]研究显示,UTI治疗显著降低了TLR4和其他促炎细胞因子的水平,通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路调节T淋巴细胞的数量和功能从而显著减弱脂多糖诱导的脓毒症炎性损伤,同时也减弱脂多糖诱导的肺损伤中肺组织的TLR4蛋白表达和NF-κB通路激活,UTI同样也显著减弱了脂多糖刺激的BEAS-2B细胞中TLR4的表达和NF-κB的激活,其研究结果表明,UTI通过减弱TLR4/NF-κB通路的激活来改善脂多糖诱导的脓毒症及其相关急性肺损伤。本研究发现,经UTI治疗后,AP大鼠末端回肠组织中TLR4和NF-κB的蛋白和相对mRNA表达水平明显降低,此外,AP大鼠末端回肠组织中促炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平明显降低,而抗炎因子IL-10水平明显升高。与Wang等[31]的研究发现类似,在大鼠体内UTI可通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,改善横纹肌溶解症引起的急性肾损伤(RM-AKI)大鼠的肾功能,抑制肾损伤和炎症反应;并且在体外试验中,UTI下调了肌红蛋白诱导的NRK-52E细胞中TLR4的表达,抑制了TLR4/NF-κB信号通路,从而抑制Mb诱导的细胞毒性、细胞周期抑制、细胞内ROS过量产生、炎症和凋亡来发挥细胞保护功能。本研究表明,UTI治疗可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路的表达,从而在改善AP相关肠功能障碍中发挥抗炎作用。

UTI在本研究以及临床应用中展现出一定的疗效,但也面临一些挑战和局限性。一方面是用药方案的优化,目前对于UTI尚无统一的用药标准,剂量和疗程的确定仍需进一步研究;另一方面,UTI在AP中与其他药物的相互作用尚不明确,可能影响疗效或增加不良反应,且目前主要用于休克及AP,在其他疾病中的应用及疗效仍需更多研究支持。综上所述,本研究论证UTI可能通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路介导的炎症反应来改善AP相关肠功能障碍,有望成为AP相关肠损伤的潜在治疗方案,也为UTI在AP及其多种并发症的扩展治疗应用中提供思路及依据。

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基金资助

安徽医科大学校科研基金资助项目(2023xkj036)

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