降钙素阴性甲状腺髓样癌的诊断与治疗进展

王宏博 ,  杨明宇 ,  蓝东媛 ,  迟昊 ,  白柯成 ,  邱滢加 ,  隋成秋 ,  张大奇

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (05) : 1027 -1033.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (05) : 1027 -1033. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240645
文献综述

降钙素阴性甲状腺髓样癌的诊断与治疗进展

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Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of calcitonin-negative medullary thyroid carcinoma

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摘要

降钙素阴性甲状腺髓样癌(CNMTC)是一种少见的临床亚型,因术前血清降钙素水平正常,易导致漏诊或误诊。CNMTC的发病机制尚不完全明确,可能涉及分泌机制异常、测定假阴性等多种因素。目前,超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查、血清CEA与胃泌素释放肽前体水平、RET基因检测等在CNMTC的诊断中具有一定价值。治疗上,手术仍为首选方式,辅助以必要的新辅助治疗。本文通过系统回顾近年来相关文献,梳理CNMTC的发病机制、诊断路径、治疗策略及预后特点,以期为临床识别和管理该病提供参考。

Abstract

Calcitonin-negative medullary thyroid carcinoma (CNMTC) is a rare subtype of medullary thyroid carcinoma, characterized by normal serum calcitonin levels, which often leads to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. The pathogenesis of CNMTC remains unclear and may involve impaired secretion mechanisms or assay-related false negatives. Diagnostic approaches include ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology, serum CEA and ProGRP measurements, and RET gene testing. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, while neoadjuvant therapy may be considered in selected cases. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of CNMTC, aiming to provide clinical guidance for better management of this challenging condition.

关键词

甲状腺肿瘤 / 癌,髓样 / 降钙素 / 综述

Key words

Thyroid Neoplasms / Carcinoma, Medullary / Calcitonin / Review

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王宏博,杨明宇,蓝东媛,迟昊,白柯成,邱滢加,隋成秋,张大奇. 降钙素阴性甲状腺髓样癌的诊断与治疗进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(05): 1027-1033 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240645

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甲状腺髓样癌(medullary thyroid cancer,MTC)是一种罕见的肿瘤,起源于甲状腺滤泡旁C细胞,发病率约占甲状腺恶性肿瘤的2%~4%,分为遗传性MTC和散发性MTC[1]。在所有MTC中,大约25%为遗传性,75%为散发性。2020年,MTC的病死率占甲状腺癌的15%[2-3],给人们的健康带来较大威胁。血清降钙素是MTC的典型标志物,具有高敏感度和特异度,在MTC的诊断、预后预测及复发监测中发挥着重要的作用[2]。当患者的血清降钙素异常升高时,在排除其他引起降钙素升高的疾病后,可高度怀疑MTC。但临床上亦有少部分MTC患者的术前血清降钙素水平在正常范围内,被称为降钙素阴性甲状腺髓样癌(calcitonin-negative medullary thyroid carcinoma,CNMTC),给正确、及时诊治疾病带来较大困难。笔者检索国内外数据库发现,现有文献中2019年之前CNMTC病例报道数量极为有限,这一结果不仅反映了CNMTC的低发病率,也揭示了其临床特征隐匿、诊断难度高的核心问题。本文结合国内外文献报道,重点对CNMTC的发病机制、诊断和治疗进行综述,以期为此类患者的临床诊疗提供参考。

1 MTC降钙素正常的机制

血清降钙素是由甲状腺滤泡旁C细胞分泌产生的多肽类激素,是MTC的典型标志物,国内外指南及专家共识均指出,术前可考虑常规检测血清降钙素以对MTC进行筛查[1,4-9],当血清降钙素异常升高时,应高度怀疑MTC[10]。甲状腺滤泡旁细胞分泌降钙素的过程及调控机制为C细胞首先在粗面内质网合成降钙素前体(降钙素原),经高尔基体加工后形成成熟的降钙素,储存于分泌颗粒中。当受到刺激时,C细胞感知细胞外钙离子浓度升高,释放降钙素。其分泌受很多因素调控,如:血钙浓度升高,是最直接的调控机制;胃泌素、胰高血糖素等也可通过血液循环刺激C细胞分泌降钙素等[11]。目前认为,血清降钙素值与肿瘤负荷呈正相关。此外,术前血清降钙素水平与MTC淋巴结转移均存在相关性,对手术方式具有一定的指导作用。

CNMTC患者术前降钙素检验阴性可能是“钩状效应”所导致的假阴性。Leboeuf等[12]描述了1例41岁男性转移性MTC的患者,通过免疫放射测定法对其降钙素水平进行量化,其术前降钙素水平未出现显著升高,而样品经连续稀释处理后,血清降钙素浓度呈现显著升高趋势,提示存在“钩状效应”,即在测定过程中,当样品血清中抗原(降钙素)浓度较高时,过量抗原会同时饱和检测试剂中的捕获抗体和标记抗体,导致“夹层”(捕获抗体:抗原:标记抗体)特异性复合物无法有效形成,最终这些复合物所产生的信号也会减少,表现为“钩状效应”曲线,从而使得降钙素水平的测定呈现假阴性。

CNMTC患者可能是因为体内的血清降钙素分泌机制出现问题或者分泌结构受损。有研究[13]使用化学发光免疫测定法及一种新的放射免疫测定方法对患者进行多次测定后,患者的血清降钙素值始终无法检测到。为了排除血清降钙素的“钩状效应”,通过对与血清降钙素测量相同的抗体的验证以及血清稀释,对血清降钙素水平进行多次测定,均在正常范围内,没有升高,而肿瘤组织免疫组化显示降钙素染色呈强阳性,表明其具有合成降钙素的能力但分泌机制异常。从而认为,在CNMTC患者中,其降钙素分泌机制出现异常或分泌结构遭受损伤。

除此之外,还有很多学者提出其他说法解释CNMTC患者降钙素正常这一特性。研究[13]还提出,降钙素原在正常生理状态下会被裂解为降钙素氨基端(N-proCt)、未加工的成熟血清降钙素和降钙素羧基端肽(C-proCt)。当出现血清降钙素基因异常剪接时,降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)分泌增加,血清降钙素合成缺陷。现有的血清降钙素检验方法仅能检测出降钙素,无法检测出N-proCt等异常形式,从而导致出现假阴性。所以在CNMTC中,N-proCt、C-proCt以及CGRP可提高诊断的敏感度,但这一说法仍需要更多数据支撑[10,14-15]。此外,Frank-Raue等[5]报告7例CNMTC患者的血清铬粒蛋白(CgA)检验均呈强阳性,对患者的CgA结果评估在CNMTC的诊断中也发挥着重要作用。还有学者[14-15]提出室温下,血清蛋白酶易降解降钙素,从而导致检测出的降钙素水平过低,造成术前降钙素检验结果假阴性。

CNMTC患者降钙素正常的机制相关研究领域较广,都需要更大样本的研究去证明和探究,以早日实现对CNMTC更加精确诊断和治疗。

2 降钙素正常MTC患者的诊断

通过检索2019年至今国内外文献,报道CNMTC并且患者临床信息完整的文献共13篇[3,16-27],英文文献8篇,中文文献5篇,涵盖43例未接受新辅助治疗的CNMTC患者。43例患者中女性23例,男性20例,发病中位年龄52岁,仅15例(34.9%)患者术前诊断为MTC,诊断率较低,术前明确诊断具有挑战性。CNMTC一般无特异的临床表现,多为体检发现[20]。43例患者中4例患者有临床症状,表现为颈部肿胀、呼吸急促、轻微疼痛,吞咽困难、面部潮红、出汗增加或咳嗽等,其余39例患者为体检发现,所以无法通过患者的性别、发病年龄及临床表现对CNMTC患者进行诊断。

既往文献报道,术前超声检查对于术前不同降钙素水平的MTC患者没有显著差异,大多为低回声肿块,伴或不伴钙化,CNMTC与降钙素升高MTC患者的超声表现类似[14],需要更多的学者收集更多的数据去进一步探索。

超声引导下细针穿刺细胞学检查(ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology,US-FNAC)可提高CNMTC术前诊断的准确率[28]。FNAC检查结果中显示浆细胞样和(或)梭形细胞、分散细胞模式、双核/多核、分散大细胞都为MTC的诊断提供依据,其细胞学的特征实际上是发现单细胞或小簇的高细胞结构,没有胶体,以及不同数量的淀粉样蛋白物质(刚果红染色阳性),均匀,呈棒状或球状,但上述这些特征很少在同一病例中共同出现,如果涂片中出现上述表现中的3~4种,则可高度怀疑其为MTC[10]。既往文献报道的43例CNMTC患者中22例术前进行FNAC检查,其中15例患者FNAC提示MTC,余7例患者提示可疑癌或异形细胞,术前FNAC诊断率为68.2%。术前穿刺活检可在血清降钙素正常水平下为CNMTC的诊断提供重要依据。

除血清降钙素外,血清癌胚抗原(CEA)的检查结果也可为CNMTC患者的诊断提供依据[29-31]。CEA是一种糖蛋白,通常在胎儿发育期间产生。文献报道的43例患者中33例术前行血清CEA检查,13例患者CEA水平升高。术前血清CEA水平异常升高,对CNMTC患者的诊断具有一定价值。值得注意的是,虽然CEA可以作为MTC的诊断标志物,但其在其他类型的肿瘤中也可能升高。因此,CEA检测应结合其他检验结果共同评估,提高诊断率。

除降钙素、CEA外,还有一些学者发现胃泌素释放肽前体(progastrin releasing pep-tide,ProGRP)在MTC患者的诊断上可提供帮助[15, 28],基于这些研究证据,笔者推测ProGRP可能对CNMTC患者具有潜在的诊断价值。Giovanella等[32]发现,MTC患者的血清ProGRP浓度比非MTC患者高。但术前血清ProGRP升高能否为CNMTC患者的诊断提供确切依据,尚需更多的临床研究进行论证[4-8,15,32-36]。MTC的发生与体内原癌基因的突变密切相关,常是RET基因突变所致。文献报道的43例患者中4例患者术前行RET基因检测,3例患者检测到RET基因突变。因此,可对CNMTC患者行RET基因检测,分析其在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用,提高术前诊断率及排除多发性内分泌腺瘤病2型[37]

CNMTC患者的术前明确诊断尤为重要,若CNMTC患者术前进行的FNAC提示髓样癌、术前CEA异常升高、ProGRP浓度水平异常增高或者术前基因检测提示RET突变等,都会增加CNMTC患者被诊断为MTC的可能[6,10,14-15,21,33,35-36],这可为临床医生对CNMTC患者的正确诊断提供更多依据。同时医生们也面临一个巨大的挑战,需要再收集更多患者信息并进行进一步的总结与研究,为CNMTC患者的诊断提供帮助。

3 CNMTC的治疗

无论降钙素水平是否升高,手术均为MTC患者最常见最有效的治疗方式[37-40]。但对于CNMTC患者,无法通过术前血清降钙素来判断其转移程度,这是一个临床手术治疗的难点。总结文献,43例患者中21例行双侧甲状腺全切除术、双侧中央组淋巴结清扫术;17例行单侧甲状腺切除术、单侧中央组淋巴结清扫术;2例行双侧全甲状腺切除术、单侧中央组淋巴结清扫术、单侧颈淋巴结清扫术;3例行甲状腺全切除术、双侧中央组淋巴结清扫术、双侧颈部淋巴结清扫术。绝大多数患者行双侧或单侧甲状腺全切除术及中央组淋巴结清扫术,少数患者进行侧颈区淋巴结清扫。38例患者进行免疫组化检查,33例(86.8%)血清降钙素阳性,19例(50%)CEA阳性,12例(31.6%)CgA阳性,CNMTC患者的免疫组化结果与降钙素升高MTC患者类似。

除了手术治疗以外,文献报道术前新辅助治疗对降钙素正常MTC患者具有一定价值[4,15]。Ricardo Fernández-Ferreira等[41]报道1例33岁CNMTC男性患者,术前发现颈部淋巴结转移以及纵隔淋巴结转移。该患者首先进行新辅助治疗、顺铂和依托泊苷的化疗。6个化疗周期后行双侧甲状腺全切除术、中央组淋巴结清扫术、双侧颈部淋巴结清扫术,患者术后17个月未发生复发及转移。

综上所述,MTC患者行甲状腺全切除术和双侧中央组淋巴结清扫术为最常用的手术方式,符合国内外指南。当发现颈部淋巴结转移时,及时行颈部淋巴结清扫术[39,42],若发现纵隔淋巴结转移或其他远处转移可先行新辅助治疗再行手术治疗。总的来说,在缺乏术前降钙素水平作为参考依据的情况下,如何制定合理的手术方案是临床医生面临的难点,需要结合术前各项检查结果,检验结果来判断,从而选择合适的治疗方式。

4 CNMTC患者的预后

针对CNMTC患者的预后研究可通过与血清降钙素升高的MTC患者各项预后指标对比,从而制定更合适的临床诊疗计划,可更精准地通过术前各项指标对患者的预后做出有效预估以及判断[43-45]。既往文献报道血清降钙素阳性组的中央组及侧颈区淋巴结转移率显著高于血清降钙素正常组。大量文献表明与血清降钙素阳性的MTC患者相比,CNMTC的预后相对较好[8,14,38,46-47]

文献[3,16-27]报道的43例患者中位随访时间27个月,17例患者术后进行血清降钙素检查,4例升高。24例患者术后进行血清CEA检查,2例升高。43例患者有5例复发,复发率11.6%,其中3例术后中央组淋巴结复发(3例中2例行双侧甲状腺全切除术、双侧中央组淋巴结清扫术,1例术后降钙素处于升高状态、另1例降钙素和CEA均未升高;1例行单侧甲状腺切除术、单侧中央组淋巴结清扫术,术后降钙素处于升高状态)。复发后进行中央区淋巴结清扫,术后未再次复发。43例患者中有2例死亡病例,1例行甲状腺全切除术、双侧中央组淋巴结清扫术、双侧侧颈部淋巴结清扫术,术后血清降钙素呈异常升高,死于肝、肺和脑转移;1例行双侧甲状腺全切除术、双侧中央组淋巴结清扫术,术后降钙素以及癌胚抗原都出现明显升高,死于肺转移。

CNMTC患者术后血清降钙素水平的变化与患者的预后有相关性[13,15,36,41,43,46,48],术后血清降钙素的持续升高会增加患者术后复发以及局部和远处转移甚至死亡的可能性[14]。CEA对评估MTC的预后也起着重要作用[4,13]

综上所述,与血清降钙素阳性的MTC患者相比,CNMTC患者的预后更好[5,38,49-51],术后血清降钙素水平以及CEA水平逐渐升高都会增加患者复发以及转移的概率,术后血清降钙素较CEA具有更好的预后监测作用。与此同时,学者们需要对更多CNMTC患者进行随访,收集其术后各种其他检查数据比如各种影像学监测(颈部超声、CT扫描、MRI和PET/CT等[13-14,38]),降钙素原和CRGP[38],组织病理学和免疫组化染色,并总结其规律,将会更有利于对CNMTC患者预后研究[52]

5 小结与展望

术前检测到RET基因突变、术前FNAC提示髓样癌;术前CEA以及ProGRP浓度水平异常增高,均可以为CNMTC患者的诊断提供依据。明确诊断后为患者选择合适的手术方式。术后,需严格定期监测患者血清降钙素水平以及CEA水平是否升高,与血清降钙素阳性的MTC患者相比,CNMTC患者的预后更好,定期随访会有助于早期发现患者的复发以及转移。

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