甲状腺乳头状癌患者超重与淋巴结转移关系及性别异质性分析

陈璐 ,  孙妍 ,  詹志君 ,  谭海龙 ,  李宁 ,  尹俊达 ,  唐能 ,  常实 ,  黄鹏

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (05) : 892 -902.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (05) : 892 -902. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240676
甲状腺外科专题研究

甲状腺乳头状癌患者超重与淋巴结转移关系及性别异质性分析

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Association between overweight and lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and its sex-based heterogeneity

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摘要

背景与目的:甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)是中国发病率最高的内分泌恶性肿瘤,颈部淋巴结转移是其常见且重要的临床特征,直接关系到患者的预后和复发风险。近年来,随着中国超重和肥胖人群的快速增加,体质量指数(BMI)在多种肿瘤中的作用受到关注。本研究旨在探讨超重与PTC颈部淋巴结转移之间的关系,并分析其性别差异及影响因素,为临床精准诊疗提供依据。方法:回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院2021年8月—2022年6月间收治的1 445例经典型PTC患者的临床病理资料。根据是否存在淋巴结转移分组,应用限制性立方样条分析BMI与淋巴结转移的非线性关系,并采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析各因素的独立影响。进一步对BMI≥24 kg/m2的超重患者进行性别分层分析,筛选男性与女性患者中淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结果:在全部患者中,716例(49.6%)出现淋巴结转移。单因素分析结果显示,BMI、性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性、腺外侵犯等与PTC患者颈部淋巴结转移明显有关(均P<0.05)。BMI与转移风险呈非线性正相关,尤其在男性中更明显。此外,PTC患者的BMI与甘油三酯呈正相关,与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关。性别分层分析发现,在男性超重PTC患者中,年龄(OR=0.954)、肿瘤直径(OR=1.085)、多灶性(OR=2.776)是淋巴结转移的独立危险因素;在女性超重PTC患者中,年龄(OR=0.943)和肿瘤直径(OR=1.074)为主要影响因素。结论:超重与PTC颈部淋巴结转移密切相关,且不同性别的超重患者转移的高危因素存在差异。年轻、病灶大、多灶性的男性超重患者,以及年轻、病灶大的女性超重患者转移风险较高。建议对上述高危人群在术前加强评估,优化淋巴结清扫策略,以实现精准治疗和风险控制。

Abstract

Background and Aims Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy in China, with cervical lymph node metastasis being a frequent and critical clinical feature that directly affects patient prognosis and recurrence risk. In recent years, with the rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in China, the role of body mass index (BMI) in various tumors has attracted growing attention. This study aimed to investigate the association between overweight and cervical LNM in PTC, analyze sex-specific differences and influencing factors, and provide evidence for precise clinical management. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinicopathologic data of 1 445 patients with classical PTC treated at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between August 2021 and June 2022. Patients were divided into groups based on the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. Restricted cubic spline analysis explored the nonlinear relationship between BMI and lymph node metastasis risk. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were applied to identify independent risk factors. Furthermore, sex-stratified analysis was performed among overweight patients (BMI ≥24 kg/m²) to determine sex-specific risk factors for lymph node metastasis. Results Among all patients, 716 (49.6%) had lymph node metastasis. Univariate analysis showed that BMI, sex, age, tumor diameter, multifocality, and extrathyroidal extension were significantly associated with cervical lymph node metastasis in PTC patients (all P<0.05). A nonlinear positive correlation was observed between BMI and lymph node metastasis risk, which was more pronounced in male patients. Additionally, BMI was positively correlated with triglyceride levels and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Sex-stratified analysis revealed that in overweight male patients, younger age (OR=0.954), larger tumor diameter (OR=1.085), and multifocality (OR=2.776) were independent risk factors for LNM; in overweight female patients, younger age (OR=0.943) and larger tumor diameter (OR=1.074) were the main influencing factors. Conclusion Overweight is closely associated with cervical lymph node metastasis in PTC, and the high-risk factors for LNM differ between male and female overweight patients. Young age, larger tumor size, and multifocality in overweight males, and young age and larger tumors in overweight females indicate a higher risk of metastasis. It is recommended that high-risk populations receive enhanced preoperative evaluation and individualized lymph node dissection strategies to achieve precise treatment and improved risk control.

Graphical abstract

关键词

甲状腺癌,乳头状 / 淋巴转移 / 超重 / 危险因素

Key words

Thyroid Cancer, Papillary / Lymphatic Metastasis / Overweight / Risk Factors

引用本文

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陈璐,孙妍,詹志君,谭海龙,李宁,尹俊达,唐能,常实,黄鹏. 甲状腺乳头状癌患者超重与淋巴结转移关系及性别异质性分析[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(05): 892-902 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240676

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甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤,也是中国发病率增长最迅速的恶性肿瘤,目前已居全国恶性肿瘤发病率的第三位[1-2],甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲状腺癌最常见的病理类型,约占所有甲状腺癌病例的80%~90%[3]。PTC最显著的临床特征是容易发生淋巴结转移,研究[4]表明,PTC发生淋巴结转移的比例高达20%~70%。由于发生淋巴结转移与患者的复发、远处转移等情况密切相关,准确地评估淋巴结转移情况对于治疗方案的制定非常重要[5]。颈部淋巴结是PTC最常见的转移部位,其中颈部中央区是最常受累的部位,然而,通过彩超等常规检查方法在术前评估PTC是否发生淋巴结转移方面存在较大局限,特别是被腺体遮盖的颈部中央区[6]。因此,基于临床病理特征明确PTC患者的淋巴结转移的影响因素有重要意义。
近40年来,中国超重、肥胖人口比例迅速上升,肥胖已成为中国的一大公共卫生问题[7]。体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)是衡量超重、肥胖最常用的指标,有研究[8-9]表明,在全球范围内持续升高的BMI导致全球肿瘤负担大幅增加。另有研究[9-11]发现,BMI显著增加子宫癌、白血病、霍奇金淋巴瘤等恶性肿瘤的患病风险以及乳腺癌淋巴结转移的风险。目前已有研究[12]发现,BMI越高,患甲状腺癌的风险越高。但是,超重是否影响PTC发生颈部淋巴结转移目前尚不清楚。因此,本研究拟进一步明确超重与PTC发生颈部淋巴结转移之间的相关性,为临床诊疗方案的制定提供理论依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 资料来源

回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院2021年8月—2022年6月期间收治的经手术病理证实为PTC患者的临床资料,收集的临床病理资料包括:性别、年龄、BMI、术前促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)、血清甘油三酯、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、组织病理结果等。BMI计算公式为体质量(kg)/身高2(m2),并依据《中国成人超重和肥胖预防控制指南》对患者进行分组:BMI<18.5 kg/m2为消瘦,18.5~<24.0 kg/m2为正常,24.0~<28.0 kg/m2为超重,BMI≥28.0 kg/m2为肥胖[13]。本研究经中南大学湘雅医院医学伦理委员会审批同意(审批号:2024030837),由于本研究为回顾性研究,可以豁免知情同意,在研究过程中已对数据进行去标识化处理。

1.2 纳入与排除标准

纳入标准:⑴ 行甲状腺切除术+颈部淋巴结清扫;⑵ 经手术后病理诊断为PTC;⑶ 初次手术;⑷ 临床资料完整;⑸ 术前未接受放疗及化疗。排除标准:⑴ 合并其他恶性肿瘤病史;⑵ 临床数据缺失;⑶ 合并代谢性疾病。根据纳入、排除标准,本研究共收集PTC患者1 450例,其中经典型1 445例,由于本研究收集数据的时间段,其他病理亚型的PTC病例数较少,为减少对数据分析的干扰,予以排除。

1.3 统计学处理

使用SPSS 27.0统计软件和R(4.4.2)软件对收集的数据进行分析。计数资料以例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位间距)[MIQR)]表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行两组间比较。使用限制性立方样条探究BMI与淋巴结转移的关系。将单因素分析中有显著差异的变量纳入二元Logistic回归,进行多因素分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 PTC患者的基本特征以及淋巴结转移影响因素分析

1 445例PTC经典型患者中,男性387例(26.8%),女性1 058例(73.2%);其年龄为18~78岁,中位年龄44(35~52)岁;中位BMI为23.24(21.39~25.64)kg/m2。全组患者中,430例(29.8%)合并桥本氏甲状腺炎;PTC原发灶的直径为8.0(5.0~12.0)mm,包括微小癌(≤10 mm)1 033例(71.5%);多发癌灶448例(31.0%);716例(49.6%)发生淋巴结转移,包括仅发生中央区淋巴结转移(central cervical lymph node metastasis,CLNM)694例、颈侧区淋巴结转移(lateral cervical lymph node metastasis,LLNM)151例(仅LLNM 22例,CLNM合并LLNM 129例);81例(5.6%)发生腺外侵犯、21例(1.5%)发生神经侵犯、31例(2.1%)有脉管内癌栓。

根据是否发生淋巴结转移,将患者分为淋巴结转移组与无淋巴结转移组。将BMI与其他因素纳入进行单因素分析,结果显示,两组间BMI、性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性、腺外侵犯、脉管内癌栓、甘油三酯、HDL-C的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组在TSH水平、是否合并桥本氏甲状腺炎、是否侵犯神经、胆固醇、LDL-C等方面差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(表1)。进一步分析各因素与不同转移类型的关系,结果显示,CLNM组与非CLNM组间BMI、性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性、腺外侵犯、脉管内癌栓、甘油三酯、HDL-C等因素差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(表2)。LLNM组与非LLNM组间BMI、性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性、腺外侵犯差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(表3)。

2.2 BMI对PTC患者发生淋巴结转移影响的性别差异及BMI与其他指标的关系

为进一步明确BMI是PTC发生淋巴结转移的影响因素,通过限制性立方样条分析进一步观察BMI与PTC发生淋巴结转移之间的关系。结果显示,当BMI≥24 kg/m2时,淋巴结转移的风险随BMI的增加而增加,表明超重为淋巴结转移的危险因素,而BMI<24 kg/m2与淋巴结转移无明显相关性(图1A)。由于PTC发生淋巴结转移存在性别差异,因此,进一步按性别分组观察BMI对PTC淋巴结转移的影响。结果发现,BMI与PTC发生淋巴结转移的关系在不同性别中存在差异,当BMI≥24 kg/m2时,男性患者中BMI与淋巴结转移的趋势与总体情况接近,而女性患者对应的曲线趋于平缓(图1B)。除此之外,本研究还分析了BMI与TSH、血脂等指标的相关性。结果发现,BMI与TSH的无明显相关性,但当BMI≥24 kg/m2时,BMI与甘油三酯、LDL-C呈正相关,并与HDL-C呈负相关(图2)。

2.3 不同性别的超重PTC患者发生淋巴结转移影响因素

基于上述结果,进一步将超重(BMI≥24 kg/m2)PTC患者按性别分组,分析不同PTC患者群体发生淋巴结转移的危险因素。在男性超重PTC患者中,年龄、桥本氏甲状腺炎、肿瘤直径、多灶性、腺外侵犯在无淋巴结转移组与淋巴结转移组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(表4)。以PTC发生淋巴结转移为因变量,年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性为自变量进行二元Logistic回归分析。结果显示,年龄(OR=0.954,95% CI=0.923~0.986)、肿瘤直径(OR=1.085,95% CI=1.026~1.148)、多灶性(OR=2.776,95% CI=1.276~6.039)为PTC发生淋巴结转移的独立影响因素(表5)。在女性超重PTC患者中,年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性同样在有无淋巴结转移的组间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(表6)。以淋巴结转移为因变量,年龄、肿瘤直径、多灶性为自变量进行二元Logistic回归分析(表7)。结果显示,年龄(OR=0.943,95% CI=0.917~0.970)、肿瘤直径(OR=1.074,95% CI=1.030~1.119)为PTC发生淋巴结转移的独立影响因素。

3 讨 论

淋巴结转移是PTC最常见的临床特征,是PTC局部复发、远处转移的主要危险因素,显著影响疾病的预后[14]。目前,对于转移性淋巴结的治疗以手术为主,然而,临床上在术前评估有无淋巴结转移,以及转移范围的能力有限,PTC的手术清扫范围一直存在争议。由于彩超等检查的局限性,术前很难准确地评估PTC患者发生淋巴结转移的情况,因此,联合临床病理特征建立PTC患者淋巴结转移预测模型意义重大,既可指导准确、有效地清除肿瘤细胞,也可避免过度手术带来的不利影响。超重和肥胖与恶性肿瘤进展的关系被逐渐认识,但是与PTC发生淋巴结转移的关系尚不清楚。本研究通过联合临床病理特征确定了超重与PTC发生淋巴结转移的相关性。此外,既往研究发现PTC发生淋巴结转移的危险因素较多,包括男性、年龄低、肿瘤直径大、多灶性、双侧癌灶、腺外侵犯等,这与本研究的结果一致[15-18]

随着社会经济的发展与生活方式的变化,超重和肥胖逐渐成为中国的主要公共卫生问题[7]。大量研究揭示了超重和肥胖与恶性肿瘤发生、进展密切相关,肥胖与肾癌、结直肠癌等恶性肿瘤的发病风险增加高度相关[19-21],是乳腺癌发生淋巴结转移的危险因素[10,22],BMI还是鼻咽癌预后的独立预测因子,超重与肥胖提示更差的预后[23-24]。超重与PTC临床病理特征的关系也逐渐被认识,Paes等[25]研究发现BMI升高是增加PTC发病风险的高危因素。有研究[26-28]观察到超重、肥胖与PTC的淋巴结转移、腺外侵犯等侵袭性病理特征相关,这些结论与本研究的结果高度一致,PTC患者BMI升高与PTC发生淋巴结转移相关,在PTC临床诊疗中要重视超重这一危险因素。

超重和肥胖调控肿瘤发生发展的机制不明确。已有研究[29-30]发现,超重和肥胖常伴随着机体代谢的异常,其中,最常见的是脂代谢异常,例如,在前列腺癌和卵巢癌的研究中均发现脂代谢异常促进肿瘤的转移。另外,肥胖通过不同的机制引起胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素样生长因子(IGF-1)升高,而IGF-1的异常及其相关信号通路的异常被认为在肿瘤发生中起到关键作用[31]。也有研究[32-33]表明,超重和肥胖还可能通过肠道菌群影响肿瘤的进展。例如,高脂喂养的肥胖小鼠通过肠道菌群促进肝癌的发生与进展[32]。本研究观察到发生淋巴结转移的PTC患者甘油三酯水平较高、HDL-C水平较低,提示超重患者可能通过脂代谢重编程调控PTC淋巴结转移,具体调控机制仍需要进一步验证。

本研究还发现BMI对于淋巴结转移的影响存在性别差异,对于不同性别的超重患者,发生淋巴结转移的危险因素不同。尽管本研究尚不清楚其具体机制,既往研究提示这种性别差异可能与体脂率、脂肪组织的分布差异相关[34]。在BMI相同的情况下,女性的体脂率通常高于男性,而男性更容易发生中心性肥胖[34],有研究[35-36]表明,中心性肥胖与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,这可能是导致PTC发生淋巴结转移存在性别二态性的内在因素。

由于肿瘤患者的个体差异性和单中心数据的局限性,本研究可能还存在一定不足。PTC转移至不同区域淋巴结的风险存在差异,超重与不同区域淋巴结转移的关系还需要进一步探究。超重对PTC患者生存预后的影响也需要进一步分析。本研究中的临床数据均来自本单位,仍需多中心患者数据来加以进一步确证,并通过基础实验挖掘超重调控PTC发生淋巴结转移的分子机制,进一步探明超重对PTC淋巴结转移的影响。

综上所述,超重与PTC发生淋巴结转移密切相关,对于男性PTC超重患者,年龄小、肿瘤直径大、多灶性为发生淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,对于女性PTC超重患者,年龄小、肿瘤直径大为发生淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。满足以上条件的PTC患者发生淋巴结转移风险较高,在制定临床诊疗方案时,可能需要考虑更加积极的淋巴结清扫策略。

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82472881)

湖南省科技创新计划基金资助项目(2024JK2140)

湖南省研究生科研创新基金资助项目(QL20230044)

中南大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金资助项目(2024ZZTS0871)

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