术中低体温对老年腹股沟疝修补术后并发症的影响分析

李安平 ,  汪洋

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10) : 2191 -2197.

PDF (698KB)
中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (10) : 2191 -2197. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250053
临床研究

术中低体温对老年腹股沟疝修补术后并发症的影响分析

作者信息 +

Analysis of the impact of intraoperative hypothermia on postoperative complications after inguinal hernia repair in elderly patients

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (714K)

摘要

背景与目的 老年腹股沟疝患者因生理机能衰退和体温调节能力减弱,术中易发生低体温,增加术后感染、认知功能障碍及血清肿等并发症发生风险。本研究旨在探讨术中体温水平与老年腹股沟疝术后并发症的关系,并评估其预测价值。 方法 回顾性分析2018年4月—2024年10月在西南医科大学附属医院接受腹股沟疝修补术的358例老年患者的临床资料。低体温被定义为中心温度<36.0 ℃,根据术中体温水平将患者分为低体温组(20例)和正常体温组(338例)。比较两组患者的围手术期指标及术后并发症发生情况,采用多因素Logistic回归分析术后并发症发生的独立危险因素,并通过受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估术中体温的预测效能。 结果 与正常体温组比较,低体温组患者的手术时间延长,术后白细胞(WBC)及中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(NLR)明显升高,术后并发症发生率显著增加(25.0% vs. 3.8%,P<0.001)。多因素分析显示,年龄、营养风险评分、术中出血量、术后WBC、术后NLR及术中低体温均为术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。ROC曲线结果表明,术中体温预测术后并发症的曲线下面积为0.717,截断值为36.42 ℃,敏感度70.0%,特异度89.5%。 结论 老年腹股沟疝患者术中低体温可显著增加术后并发症发生风险,且体温水平具有较好的预后预测价值。维持术中体温不低于36.4 ℃有助于降低并发症发生率、改善围术期结局。

Abstract

Background and Aims Elderly patients with inguinal hernia are prone to intraoperative hypothermia due to diminished thermoregulatory capacity, which may increase the risk of postoperative complications such as infection, seroma, and cognitive dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between intraoperative body temperature and postoperative complications in elderly patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair and to evaluate its predictive value. Methods Clinical data of 358 elderly patients who underwent tension-free inguinal hernia repair at the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University from April 2018 to October 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into a hypothermia group (<36.0 ℃) and a normothermia group (≥36.0 ℃) according to intraoperative temperature levels. Perioperative parameters and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Independent risk factors for complications were identified using multivariate logistic regression, and the predictive performance of intraoperative temperature was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Compared with the normothermia group, patients with intraoperative hypothermia had significantly longer operative time, higher postoperative white blood cell (WBC) count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and an increased incidence of complications (25.0% vs. 3.8%, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified age, NRS 2002 score, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative WBC, postoperative NLR, and intraoperative hypothermia as independent risk factors for postoperative complications. ROC analysis showed that intraoperative temperature had a good predictive value for complications (AUC=0.717, optimal cutoff=36.42 ℃, sensitivity=70.0%, specificity=89.5%). Conclusion Intraoperative hypothermia significantly increases postoperative complication risk in elderly patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair. Maintaining intraoperative temperature above 36.4 ℃may reduce the incidence of complications and improve perioperative outcomes.

Graphical abstract

关键词

疝,腹股沟 / 疝修补术 / 老年人 / 低体温 / 术后并发症

Key words

Hernia, Inguinal / Herniorrhaphy / Aged / Hypothermia / Postoperative Complications

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
李安平,汪洋. 术中低体温对老年腹股沟疝修补术后并发症的影响分析[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(10): 2191-2197 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250053

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

腹股沟疝是普外科常见病,占腹外疝的90%以上[1]。老年患者因腹壁肌肉萎缩和慢性腹压增高(如便秘、前列腺增生)导致发病率显著升高(>30%)[2-4]。随着年龄增长,体温调节能力减弱,术中低体温发生率升高[5-7],可能通过抑制免疫功能、促进促炎因子释放,增加切口感染等并发症发生风险[8]。外周血白细胞(white blood cells,WBC)和中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)可动态监测此类炎症反应过程[9-10]。然而,术中体温阈值对并发症发生的预测价值仍需进一步验证。本研究旨在探究老年腹股沟疝患者术中体温水平对术后并发症的影响,为优化术中体温管理提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2018年4月-2024年10月于西南医科大学附属医院行腹股沟疝无张力修补手术治疗的358例老年腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,其中男275例,女83例,平均年龄(74.23±6.94)岁。术中低体温是麻醉和手术中常见的并发症之一,低体温被定义为中心温度<36.0 ℃[11]。根据术中体温监测情况将研究对象分为低体温组20例和正常体温组338例。本研究获得西南医科大学附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(批号:KY2023243),并豁免患者知情同意。

纳入标准:(1) 腹股沟疝诊断明确;(2) 老年患者,年龄>60岁[12-13];(3) 入院记录、手术记录、血常规等病历资料完整可查,能够随访术后的恢复情况;(4) 手术指征明确,选择手术治疗且术后恢复顺利,未出现因并发症导致患者30 d死亡的病例发生;(5) 术前体温正常,术中体温监测记录完整;(6) 采用营养风险筛查工具简表(NRS 2002)评估均不存在营养风险。排除标准:(1) 存在其他急慢性感染疾病导致炎症指标异常;(2) 合并甲状腺功能亢进症、甲状腺功能减退症等影响代谢的疾病或长期应用解热镇痛、镇静剂等影响体温的药物;(3) 正在接受免疫抑制药物或血液系统药物治疗的患者。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 手术方法与术中体温监测

所有老年腹股沟疝患者均采用腹股沟疝无张力修补术,具体手术方式为李金斯坦手术,手术方法参照李仁杰等[13]的研究。为做到两组同质性以及控制时间、季节和医疗水平进步等混杂因素对手术预后的影响,术者均为具有丰富疝修补手术操作经验的主任医师。将室内温度设置为22~24 ℃,室内湿度设置为40%~50%,术中棉被覆盖双侧膝关节至足部以保温。通过鼓膜测温仪(美国TY-CO公司生产,GENIUS Model 3000A型)分别在手术开始时(T1)、手术过程中(T2)和手术结束(T3)时测量体温,计算3次测得体温的平均值作为术中体温水平(T)。

1.2.2 观察指标和评估手术预后

收集纳入研究患者的年龄、性别、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、营养状况、合并症、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists Score,ASA)分级、心理状态、术前WBC、术前NLR、手术时间、出血量、术中体温水平以及术后WBC、术后NLR、手术预后等临床资料。其中NRS 2002评分≥3则存在营养风险[14];心理状态采用焦虑自评量表(self-rating anxiety scale,SAS)和抑郁自评量表(self-rating depression scale,SDS)进行评价,得分越高越严重[15];WBC和NLR根据血细胞分析结果获得,本院检验科采用希森美康XN-2000全自动血液分析仪进行血细胞分类和计数。根据中性粒细胞(neutrophils,N)比率和淋巴细胞(lymphocyte,L)比率计算NLR,NLR的计算公式为NLR=N/L。根据术后30 d 内并发症的发生情况评估手术预后,术后并发症包括切口感染、静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism,VTE)、术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)、血清肿、神经感觉异常、阴囊水肿和尿潴留等。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,比较采用t检验;计数资料采用例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,间比较采用χ2 检验。应用Logistic回归法进行多因素分析手术预后的影响因素。运用受试者工作曲线(ROC)分析术中体温水平对患者预后的预测价值。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 患者基线资料

两组患者的基线资料,包括年龄、性别、BMI、NRS 2002评分、合并症、ASA分级以及心理状态SAS和SDS评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),具有可比性(表1)。

2.2 患者围手术期指标

与正常体温组比较,低体温组的手术时间延长、术后WBC与术后NLR更高(均P<0.05);低体温组的总并发症发生率明显高于正常体温组(25.0% vs. 3.8%,P<0.001),其中主要切口感染、POCD、血清肿和神经感觉异常的发生率升高(表2)。

2.3 老年腹股沟疝修补术预后的危险因素分析

将上述研究因素[年龄、性别(男=1,女=0)、BMI、合并症(是=1,否=0)、ASA分级(I/Ⅱ级=1,Ⅲ/Ⅳ级=0)、术前WBC、术前NLR、手术时间、出血量、术后WBC、术后NLR、分组(低体温组=1,正常体温组=0)]作为自变量,并发症作为因变量(并发症=1,未发生并发症=0)纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,年龄(OR=1.085,95% CI=1.027~1.147,P=0.048)、NRS 2002评分(OR=3.931,95% CI=1.336~11.587,P=0.013)、出血量(OR=1.070,95% CI=1.026~1.116,P=0.002)、术后WBC(OR=1.529,95% CI=1.136~2.059,P=0.005)、术后NLR(OR=3.516,95% CI=1.998~6.165,P<0.001)、术中低体温(OR=7.842,95% CI=1.475~41.789,P=0.017)均是老年腹股沟疝修补术后发生并发症的危险因素(表3)。

2.4 ROC曲线分析术中体温水平和炎症指标对预后的预测价值

绘制ROC曲线分析术中体温水平和术后WBC、NLR等炎症指标对患者预后的预测价值,结果显示,三者的曲线下面积(AUC)均>0.7,其中术中体温水平的AUC为0.717(95% CI=0.592~0.842,P=0.003),根据Youden指数计算出理想截断值为36.42 ℃,敏感度为70.0%,特异度为89.5%(图1)(表4)。

3 讨 论

3.1 老年腹股沟疝患者术后并发症的危险因素

老年腹股沟疝患者占比高(60.8%),且术后并发症发生风险显著增加,这主要是由于老年患者身体机能衰退和生理储备能力下降[16]。本研究结果显示,术后总并发症发生率为5.0%,与既往研究相符(4.5%),显著高于中青年患者(2.7%)[17]。主要并发症包括切口感染、血清肿、VTE、POCD等。年龄作为术后并发症发生的危险因素[18],在本研究中也得到了验证。因此,对于老年患者,术前应进行全面风险评估,以预防并发症的发生。此外,术中出血量也被发现是并发症发生的重要危险因素,可能与血清肿风险增加有关[19-20]。术中应该谨慎操作,减少出血,以降低血清肿等并发症发生的风险。

3.2 术中体温水平对术后并发症的影响

术中低体温是老年腹股沟疝患者术后发生并发症的另一重要危险因素。适宜体温对机体新陈代谢和生命活动至关重要[21]。本研究中发现,低体温组患者手术时间更长,可能因为手术暴露时间长导致热量散失增加。术中低体温可引发肌肉寒战,增加氧耗和应激反应,促使免疫细胞释放白介素、肿瘤坏死因子等炎症因子,导致异常的免疫炎症反应[22-23]。这种反应可能损伤神经元细胞,破坏特异性烯醇化酶及S100-β蛋白,增加POCD的风险[24-25],并延长切口愈合时间,增加感染风险[26-27]。在本研究中也得到了验证,低体温组的切口感染和POCD发生率均增加。

3.3 术中体温水平与炎症因子对并发症发生的预测价值

WBC和NLR作为全身炎症指标,可间接反映手术创伤程度及感染风险[28-29]。本研究显示,低体温组患者术后WBC、NLR及并发症发生率均显著高于正常体温组。多因素Logistic回归分析进一步证实了术中低体温、术后WBC和NLR是并发症发生的危险因素。ROC曲线分析表明,术中体温水平对并发症发生具有较高的预测价值(AUC>0.7),理想截断值为36.42 ℃。这与现有研究结果一致,提示术中体温管理对改善患者预后具有重要意义[30-31]。尽管《中国加速康复外科临床实践指南(2021版)》[32]建议术中维持核心体温不低于36 ℃,但具体控制范围尚需进一步研究。本研究显示,将术中体温控制在36.4 ℃以上可能有助于降低并发症发生风险,但仍需前瞻性研究验证。

综上所述,老年腹股沟疝患者术中低体温可显著增加并发症发生风险,且术中体温水平对预后具有预测价值。术中应严格控制体温,以改善患者预后。然而,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量有限,可能存在信息和选择偏倚导致结论可靠性降低,未来需开展多中心前瞻性研究进一步验证结论。

参考文献

[1]

陈双, 江志鹏. 腹股沟疝术后补片感染的处理[J]. 中华普通外科杂志, 2016, 31(9):713-714. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2016.09.005 .

[2]

Chen S, Jiang ZP. Management of mesh infection following inguinal hernia repair[J]. Chinese Journal of General Surgery,2016, 31(9):713-714. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-631X.2016.09.005 .

[3]

van Veenendaal N, Simons M, Hope W, et al. Consensus on international guidelines for management of groin hernias[J]. Surg Endosc, 2020, 34(6):2359-2377. doi:10.1007/s00464-020-07516-5 .

[4]

李莲华, 杨薇. 老年急性嵌顿性腹股沟疝合并肠梗阻的危险因素分析及风险列线图模型的建立[J]. 中华疝和腹壁外科杂志:电子版, 2020, 14(6):646-650. doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-392X.2020.06.015 .

[5]

Li LH, Yang W. Analysis of the risk factors of intestinal obstruction in elderly patients with acute incarcerated inguinal hernia and the establishment of a risk map model[J]. Chinese Journal of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery:Electronic Edition, 2020, 14(6):646-650. doi:10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-392X.2020.06.015 .

[6]

Xi S, Chen Z, Lu Q, et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open inguinal-hernia repair in elderly patients: the experience of two comprehensive medical centers over 10 years[J]. Hernia, 2024, 28(4):1195-1203. doi:10.1007/s10029-024-03004-0 .

[7]

唐健雄, 李绍杰, 李绍春. 对我国疝与腹壁外科专业发展的思考[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2021, 20(1):98-101. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20201217-00792 .

[8]

Tang JX, Li SJ, Li SC. Reflection about the development of hernia and abdominal wall surgery in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2021, 20(1):98-101. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20201217-00792 .

[9]

Wang G, He S, Yu M, et al. Intraoperative body temperature and emergence delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study[J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2023, 136(19):2330-2339. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000002375 .

[10]

Wang J, Fang P, Sun G, et al. Effect of active forced air warming during the first hour after anesthesia induction and intraoperation avoids hypothermia in elderly patients[J]. BMC Anesthesiol, 2022, 22(1):40. doi:10.1186/s12871-022-01577-w .

[11]

Sun Y, Jia LL, Yu WL, et al. The changes of intraoperative body temperature in adult liver transplantation: a retrospective study[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2018, 17(6):496-501. doi:10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.08.006 .

[12]

Zahorec R. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, past, present and future perspectives[J]. Bratisl Lek Listy, 2021, 122(7):474-488. doi:10.4149/BLL_2021_078 .

[13]

Rosales C. Neutrophils at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity[J]. J Leukoc Biol, 2020, 108(1):377-396. doi:10.1002/JLB.4MIR0220-574RR .

[14]

Chen IW, Wang WT, Hung KC. Association between intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative delirium: a preliminary meta-analysis[J]. Syst Rev, 2024, 13(1):248. doi:10.1186/s13643-024-02669-z .

[15]

朱梁飞, 王小永, 姚杰, . 双镜联合胆总管一期缝合术治疗老年胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效及对肝功能、应激反应的影响[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2024, 33(8):1330-1336. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.08.014 .

[16]

Zhu LF, Wang XY, Yao J, et al. The efficacy of dual endoscopic common bile duct primary suturing in treating elderly patients with gallbladder stones complicated by choledocholithiasis and its impact on liver function and stress response[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2024, 33(8):1330-1336. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.08.014 .

[17]

李仁杰, 任晓妹, 邵翔宇, . 老年腹股沟疝手术方式选择及安全性分析[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2023, 32(10):1476-1482. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.10.005 .

[18]

Li RJ, Ren XM, Shao XY, et al. Surgical approach selection and safety analysis for elderly patients with inguinal hernia[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2023, 32(10):1476-1482. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.10.005 .

[19]

Zhang J, Xue F, Liu SD, et al. Risk factors and prediction model for inpatient surgical site infection after elective abdominal surgery[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg, 2023, 15(3):387-397. doi:10.4240/wjgs.v15.i3.387 .

[20]

姚建红, 宁义军, 景喜英, . 认知教育配合积极情绪引导对内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术病人配合度及心理状态的影响[J]. 护理研究, 2024, 38(13):2427-2430. doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.13.032 .

[21]

Yao JH, Ning YJ, Jing XY, et al. Effect of cognitive education combined with positive emotion guidance on the cooperation and psychological state of patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2024, 38(13):2427-2430. doi:10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2024.13.032 .

[22]

王明刚, 李航宇, 张光永, . 我国成年人腹股沟疝围手术期静脉血栓栓塞症发生率和相关因素现状调查(CHAT-1)[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2019, 39(8):815-820. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.08.15 .

[23]

Wang MG, Li HY, Zhang GY, et al. Investigation of prevalence for perioperative venous thromboembolism and risk factors of the present situation in Chinese adults patient with inguinal hernia(CHAT-1)[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2019, 39(8):815-820. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2019.08.15 .

[24]

Bay-Nielsen M, Kehlet H. Anaesthesia and post-operative morbidity after elective groin hernia repair: a nation-wide study[J]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 2008, 52(2):169-174. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01514.x .

[25]

刘维光, 潘竹楼. 老年男性腹股沟疝腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术后并发症及影响因素探讨[J]. 临床外科杂志, 2023, 31(4):372-375. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6483.2023.04.020 .

[26]

Liu WG, Pan ZL. Investigation and influencing factors of complications after TAPP for inguinal hernia in elderly men[J]. Journal of Clinical Surgery, 2023, 31(4):372-375. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6483.2023.04.020 .

[27]

莫佳丽, 解基良, 张楠, . 腹腔镜经腹腹膜前疝修补术后血清肿的相关因素及预测指标分析[J]. 重庆医学, 2020, 49(13):2143-2147. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2020.13.018 .

[28]

Mo JL, Xie JL, Zhang N, et al. Analysis of the related factors and predictive indexes of seromas after laparoscopic trans-abdominal preperitoneal hernia repair[J]. Chongqing Medicine, 2020, 49(13):2143-2147. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2020.13.018 .

[29]

李绍春, 李绍杰, 马慧, . 腹股沟疝修补术后血清肿的研究进展[J].中国普通外科杂志, 2022, 31(10):1389-1394. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2022.10.015 .

[30]

Li SC, Li SJ, Ma H, et al. Research progress of seroma after inguinal hernia repair[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2022, 31(10):1389-1394. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2022.10.015 .

[31]

Zheng S, Zhu W, Shi Q, et al. Effects of cold and hot temperature on metabolic indicators in adults from a prospective cohort study[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2021, 772:145046. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145046 .

[32]

程灵娜, 王丹. 全身麻醉患者术后低体温的影响因素[J]. 河南医学研究, 2020, 29(29):5428-5430. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2020.29.019 .

[33]

Cheng LN, Wang D. Influencing factors of postoperative hypothermia in patients under general anesthesia[J]. Henan Medical Research, 2020, 29(29):5428-5430. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2020.29.019 .

[34]

Hu QF, Zhao YH, Sun BS, et al. Surgical site infection following operative treatment of open fracture: Incidence and prognostic risk factors[J]. Int Wound J, 2020, 17(3):708-715. doi:10.1111/iwj.13330 .

[35]

Onatsu J, Vanninen R, JÄkÄlÄ P, et al. Tau, S100B and NSE as Blood Biomarkers in Acute Cerebrovascular Events[J]. In Vivo, 2020, 34(5):2577-2586. doi:10.21873/invivo.12075 .

[36]

Wang J, Zhu L, Li C, et al. The relationship between intraoperative hypothermia and postoperative delirium: The PNDRFAP study[J]. Brain Behav, 2024, 14(5):e3512. doi:10.1002/brb3.3512 .

[37]

Liu J, Gao C, Fu H, et al. Implementation of multi-mode nursing insulation program for patients receiving surgery for spine tumor: a propensity score-matched analysis[J]. BMC Surg, 2022, 22(1):8. doi:10.1186/s12893-021-01463-1 .

[38]

Qian M, Ye Y, Zhou J. Effect of thermal insulation on preventing hypothermia during laparoscopic radical resection for colorectal cancer[J]. Am J Transl Res, 2024, 16(5):2158-2165. doi:10.62347/BKBY6649 .

[39]

Maharaj S, Chang S, Xue R, et al. Performance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in differentiating vaso-occlusive crisis from infection in patients presenting with sickle cell crisis[J]. Blood, 2021, 138():4187. doi:10.1182/blood-2021-154512 .

[40]

陆颖超, 黄锦山, 徐红星, . 胆囊结石患者并发急性胆源性胰腺炎的影响因素分析及列线图预测模型构建[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2023, 32(8):1199-1207.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.08.008 .

[41]

Lu YC, Huang JS, Xu HX, et al. Analysis of influencing factors for acute biliary pancreatitis in patients with cholecystolithiasis and construction of nomogram prediction model[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2023, 32(8):1199-1207.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.08.008 .

[42]

孔珊珊, 申海艳, 郑洪, . 医护人员实施剖宫产术中体温管理影响因素的质性研究[J].护理学杂志, 2020, 35(23):31-34. doi:10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2020.23.031 .

[43]

Kong SS, Shen HY, Zheng H, et al. Influencing factors of temperature management during cesarean section among medical staff: a qualitative study[J]. Journal of Nursing Science, 2020, 35(23):31-34. doi:10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2020.23.031 .

[44]

Cao B, Li Y, Liu Y, et al. A multi-center study to predict the risk of intraoperative hypothermia in gynecological surgery patients using preoperative variables[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2024, 185:156-164. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.02.009 .

[45]

曹晖, 陈亚进, 顾小萍, . 中国加速康复外科临床实践指南(2021版)[J]. 中国实用外科杂志, 2021, 41(9):961-992. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.09.01 .

[46]

Cao H, Chen YJ, Gu XP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for enhanced recovery after surgery in China(2021 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, 2021, 41(9):961-992. doi:10.19538/j.cjps.issn1005-2208.2021.09.01 .

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (698KB)

204

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/