抑郁和情绪性进食在袖状胃切除术后患者自我控制与减重效果之间的链式中介作用

马兵济 ,  周浩男 ,  孙林丽

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (07) : 1464 -1472.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (07) : 1464 -1472. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250145
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抑郁和情绪性进食在袖状胃切除术后患者自我控制与减重效果之间的链式中介作用

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The chain mediation of depression and emotional eating between self-control and weight loss outcomes in patients after sleeve gastrectomy

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摘要

背景与目的 肥胖已成为严重的全球公共健康问题,袖状胃切除术(LSG)是常用的代谢减重手术,但部分患者术后减重不理想。既往研究表明,心理因素与饮食行为在术后减重中具有重要作用,但其作用机制尚未明晰。本研究旨在探讨LSG术后患者自我控制与术后12个月减重效果(%EWL)的关系,并进一步分析抑郁与情绪性进食的独立及链式中介作用。 方法 采用横断面研究设计,纳入中南大学湘雅三医院LSG术后患者202例。使用简式自我控制量表(BSCS)、患者健康问卷-9(PHQ-9)及荷兰饮食行为问卷(DEBQ)进行测评;计算术后12个月内%EWL。以Pearson相关分析变量关系,采用Process 4.0模型6并以Bootstrap法(5 000次重抽样)检验中介效应(控制性别与术后时间)。 结果 总体BSCS、PHQ-9、DEBQ及%EWL分别为21.76±4.15、5.54±3.91、30.72±11.25和(60.94±31.61)%。自我控制与抑郁(r=-0.697)及情绪性进食(r=-0.441)呈负相关,与%EWL呈正相关(r=0.566,均P<0.01);%EWL与抑郁(r=-0.467)和情绪性进食(r=-0.348)呈负相关(均P<0.01)。在控制协变量后,自我控制对%EWL具有正向预测作用(β=0.291 9,P<0.01),抑郁(β=-0.155 6,P<0.05)与情绪性进食(β=-0.115 8,P<0.05)呈负向预测。中介分析显示,经“自我控制→抑郁→%EWL”的间接效应为0.848 8(95% CI=0.178 7~1.573 0),经“自我控制→情绪性进食→%EWL”的间接效应为0.259 8(95% CI=0.033 4~0.564 3),经“自我控制→抑郁→情绪性进食→%EWL”的链式间接效应为0.131 7(95% CI=0.005 9~0.322 8);总间接效应为1.240 2,占总效应的35.83%。 结论 LSG术后患者更高的自我控制水平既可直接改善减重效果,也可通过降低抑郁与情绪性进食(及其链式作用)间接提升%EWL。建议在围手术期与随访中常规开展心理状态与饮食行为评估与干预,以巩固长期减重获益。

Abstract

Background and aims Obesity is a major global health challenge, and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a widely used bariatric procedure. However, weight loss outcomes vary considerably among patients. Psychological factors and eating behaviors are increasingly recognized as important determinants of postoperative success, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between self-control and 12-month postoperative weight loss (%EWL) after LSG, and to test the independent and chain mediating roles of depression and emotional eating. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 202 LSG patients from the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University completed the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the emotional eating subscale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). %EWL within 12 months after surgery was calculated. Pearson correlations were conducted, and mediation was tested using Process v4.0 (model 6) with 5 000 bootstrap samples while controlling for sex and postoperative time. Results Overall, BSCS, PHQ-9, DEBQ-EE, and %EWL averaged 21.76±4.15, 5.54±3.91, 30.72±11.25, and (60.94±31.61)%, respectively. Self-control correlated negatively with depression (r=-0.697) and emotional eating (r=-0.441) and positively with %EWL (r=0.566; all P<0.01). %EWL correlated negatively with depression (r=-0.467) and emotional eating (r=-0.348, P<0.01). Adjusted regression showed positive prediction of %EWL by self-control (β=0.291 9, P<0.01) and negative prediction by depression (β=-0.155 6, P<0.05) and emotional eating (β=-0.115 8, P<0.05). Mediation analysis showed that the indirect effect through the path "self-control → depression → %EWL" was 0.848 8 (95% CI=0.178 7-1.573 0). The indirect effect through the path "self-control → emotional eating → %EWL" was 0.259 8 (95% CI=0.033 4-0.564 3). The chain indirect effect through the path "self-control → depression → emotional eating → %EWL" was 0.131 7 (95% CI=0.005 9-0.322 8); the total indirect effect accounted for 35.83% of the total effect. Conclusion Higher self-control after LSG enhances weight loss both directly and indirectly by alleviating depression and emotional eating. Routine psychological screening and eating-behavior interventions are warranted to consolidate long-term benefits.

Graphical abstract

关键词

肥胖外科手术 / 胃切除术 / 手辅助腹腔镜手术 / 自我控制 / 抑郁 / 进食行为

Key words

Bariatric Surgeries / Gastrectomy / Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery / Self-Control / Depression / Eating Behaviors

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
马兵济,周浩男,孙林丽. 抑郁和情绪性进食在袖状胃切除术后患者自我控制与减重效果之间的链式中介作用[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(07): 1464-1472 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250145

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肥胖已成为全球重大公共卫生问题[1],我国情况同样严峻[2],其会导致高病死率、严重并发症及心理健康问题[3-4]。减重代谢手术(metabolic and bariatric surgery,MBS)[5]是病态肥胖症有效治疗策略,腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)是我国主流术式,但约20%~25%患者术后1年体质量恢复[6-8],或与自控力降低、不良饮食行为等因素有关[9-10]。自我控制可减少情绪性进食在内的不良饮食行为影响,决定术后减重效果维持[11-12];情绪性进食行为是个体处在紧张及焦虑等情绪下时出现难以控制的进食行为,该行为与饥饿无关[13],受与饮食相关的行为、情绪和个人感受的影响[14],与减重术后体质量反弹正相关[15];LSG虽能缓解患者精神心理障碍,但术后仍需长期监测精神心理状态[16]。鉴于心理因素和情绪性进食对减重效果的影响机制尚不明确,本研究选取LSG术后患者进行横断面调查,以探讨自我控制、抑郁、情绪性进食和术后体质量减轻效果的关系,为精准治疗干预提供理论依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1 调查对象

本研究采用横断面设计,选取2024年3月—2025年3月于中南大学湘雅三医院胃肠外科行LSG的患者为调查对象(伦理号:快24237)。本研究从医院电子病历系统中提取了包括患者的一般人口学资料、术前身体测量数据信息。通过门诊访问和电话随访回顾性地收集了患者术后12个月内的心理状况资料。纳入标准:(1) 年龄16~65岁;(2) 符合《中国肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治疗指南(2019版)》的手术指征,初次行LSG患者;(3) 自愿参加本次调查。排除标准:(1) 存在严重认知功能或语言沟通障碍;(2) 有精神病史或正在服用抗精神疾病药物;(3) 全身症状差,合并其他恶性病患者根据Kendall横断面研究的样本量统计方法,样本量=n×(5~10)(n为变量数),考虑20%的无效问卷,样本量应为15×(5~10)×120%=90~180(例)。

1.2 调查工具

1.2.1 一般资料调查问卷

由研究者查阅文献后自行设计,包括性别、年龄、术后时间、身高、随访体质量、居住地、婚姻状况、文化程度、职业、月收入等。

1.2.2 简式自我控制量表(brief self-control scale,BSCS)

本研究采用的是由罗涛等[17]修订的中文版BSCS量表。该量表由7个条目组成,包括两个维度:自律性(条目1、3、5)及冲动控制(条目2、4、6、7)。量表采取Likert 5级评分,从“完全不符”到“完全符合”。其中条目2、4、6、7为反向计分题。得分越高表示自我控制水平越高。中文版BSCS量表Cronbach's α系数为0.741。

1.2.3 患者健康问卷-9(patient health questionnaire-9,PHQ-9)

PHQ-9是基于美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版中抑郁的症状学标准编制而成的抑郁自评量表[18],共9个条目。每个条目分值为0~3,总分值27。根据分值评估可能的抑郁程度:没有抑郁(0~4)、轻度抑郁(5~9)、中度抑郁(10~14)、重度抑郁(≥15)。代表抑郁的核心症状的是条目1、4,代表自杀意念的为条目9。PHQ-9的Cronbach's α系数为0.840。

1.2.4 中文版荷兰饮食行为问卷(Dutch eating behavior questionnaire,DEBQ)

DEBQ是由Barrada等[19]编制,由限制进食,情绪性进食及外部进食三个维度组成,共33个项目。我国学者孔繁昌[20]最早将其中文版引入并应用,证明其具有稳定的因素结构及良好的信度。本研究选取情绪性进食维度的题目进行评估,共包括13个项目,采用Likert 5级评分,分别为1(从不),2(很少),3(有时),4(经常),5(总是)。该问卷的Cronbach's α系数0.85。

1.2.5 减重效果

记录LSG患者术后12个月内的减重效果,减重效果评估选择多余体质量减轻百分比(percentage of excessive weight loss,%EWL)[%EWL=(术前体质量-随访体质量)/(术前体质量-理想体质量)或%EWL=(术前BMI-随访BMI)/(术前BMI-理想BMI)],其中理想BMI为25 kg/m2;%EWL≥80%为效果良好,50%≤%EWL<80%为有效,%EWL<50%为效果欠佳[16]

1.3 资料收集方法

采用问卷调查的形式收集资料。由研究者于LSG 术后患者门诊访问和电话随访结束时发放问卷星链接,发放链接时会附上问卷调查的目的、方法、注意事项,所有选项填写完整方可提交。共回收问卷217份,删除答题时间<1 min、明显随意填写的问卷15份,共202份有效问卷,有效回收率为93%。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 26.0录入数据,并对数据进行描述性分析、相关分析和回归分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用SPSS 26.0软件分析数据,经正态性检验,计量资料基本符合正态分布,故采用均数±标准差(x¯±s)描述,计数资料使用频数和百分比描述;组间资料采用独立样本t检验或方差分析比较患者社会人口学资料与各变量之间的关系;采用Pearson相关性分析来验证自我控制,抑郁、情绪性进食和减重效果之间的相关性;使用Process 4.0插件进行中介模型检验,并采用Bootstrap检验法(重复取样设定5 000次)计算95%置信区间(CI)进一步验证链式中介效应。研究选择模型6进行分析。

2 结 果

2.1 共同方法偏差检验

采用Harman单因素检验法对本研究量表的所有题目进行共同方法偏差检验。检验后结果显示,特征根值>1的因子共有6个,并且第1个因子的变异解释率为35.06%,低于40%的临界指标,该结果表明不存在严重的共同方法偏差变异。

2.2 研究对象的基本情况

202例LSG术后患者中,男92例(45.5%),女110例(54.5%);平均年龄为(31.25±8.405)岁。不同性别的患者%EWL存在差异[(52.66±26.87)% vs.(67.86±33.68)%,P<0.001];患者BSCS得分随着患者年龄增加而增加,而PHQ-9得分则呈现相反趋势(均P<0.05);并且,不同术后时间的患者BSCS、PHQ-9得分及%EWL差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)(表1)。

2.3 LSG术后患者体质量减轻与自我控制、抑郁、情绪性进食的相关性分析

分析结果显示,自我控制与抑郁(r=-0.697,P<0.01)、情绪性进食(r=-0.441,P<0.01)呈负相关,与%EWL(r=0.566,P<0.01)呈正相关;%EWL与抑郁(r=-0.467,P<0.01)、情绪性进食(r=-0.348,P<0.01)呈负相关;抑郁和情绪性进食(r=0.412,P<0.01)之间呈正相关(表2)。

2.4 中介效应检验

使用Process 4.1进行中介效应分析,在控制性别、术后时间的条件下,分析抑郁和情绪性进食在LSG患者的自我控制水平和术后减重效果关系间的中介作用。回归分析显示,自我控制对抑郁水平(β=-0.716 7,P<0.01)具有直接负向预测作用;自我控制对情绪性进食(β=-0.294 8,P<0.01)具有直接负向预测作用;抑郁水平对情绪性进食(β=0.208 5,P<0.01)具有直接正向预测作用;当自我控制、抑郁水平、情绪性进食同时预测术后减重效果时,抑郁水平、情绪性进食均对术后减重效果有明显负向预测作用(β=-0.115 6,P<0.05;β=-0.115 8,P<0.05),而自我控制对术后减重效果有明显正向预测作用(β=0.291 9,P<0.01)(表3)。

采用Bootstrap检验法对中介效应进行进一步检验,结果表明,抑郁和情绪性进食的中介作用显著,中介效应值为1.240 2。具体来看,中介效应通过三条中介链产生:第一,由自我控制→抑郁→%EWL组成的中介效应1(0.848 8),Bootstrap 95% CI不包含0,说明抑郁的中介作用显著;第二,由自我控制→情绪性进食→%EWL组成的中介效应2(0.259 8),Bootstrap 95% CI不包含0,表明情绪性进食的中介作用显著。第三,由自我控制→抑郁→情绪性进食→%EWL组成的中介效应3(0.131 7),Bootstrap 95% CI不包含0,表明抑郁与情绪性进食在自我控制和体质量减轻关系间的链式中介作用显著(表4)。LSG术后患者的自我控制作用于%EWL的具体路径如图1所示。

3 讨 论

3.1 术后患者心理行为特征与减重效果现状​

本研究显示,LSG术后患者的自我控制能力处于中等偏上水平(21.67±4.15),与既往研究一致[21],但仍需进一步提升。自我控制能力低下被认为是肥胖的基础风险因素,其影响可能持续至成年期[22]。本研究中LSG术后患者存在轻度抑郁症状(5.54±3.91),与Alyahya等[23]研究结果相似,可能与体质量反弹、代谢合并症及生活质量改善有限有关;情绪性进食处于中等水平(30.72±11.25),低于未手术的超重/肥胖人群[24-25],提示围手术期综合干预(营养、心理、行为支持)可能改善情绪化进食[26]。然而,需警惕术后远期(如2年内)情绪性进食高发及其导致的体质量反弹风险[27]

本研究患者的减重效果显著,平均%EWL为(60.94±31.61)%,符合LSG术后第1年为主要减重期的共识[28]。鉴于体质量反弹高风险期常在术后1年后,亟需延长随访时间以全面评估长期效果。本研究观察到女性患者减重效果优于男性,但关于MBS效果的性别差异的结论尚存争议[29-30]。近期系统综述指出,既往矛盾结论可能源于未充分控制基线特征(如BMI)的差异;当控制这些混杂因素后,性别对减重效果的影响可能不显著[30]。未来研究需更严谨地设计以明确性别作用。

3.2 自我控制、抑郁、情绪性进食与减重效果的关系及机制

本研究发现,自我控制能力是术后减重效果的正向预测因子(β=0.291 9,P<0.01)。维持术后效果(如坚持饮食和运动计划)需要自我控制以克服短期诱惑、追求长期目标[31-32]。研究已开始探索通过训练自我控制能力干预肥胖[33],且证据表明其在体重管理相关的健康行为中具有可塑性[34]。未来需在MBS领域深入研究自我控制水平的变化及提升策略。抑郁(β=-0.115 6,P<0.05)和情绪性进食(β=-0.115 8,P<0.05)均为术后减重效果的负向预测因子。尽管MBS可能通过调节瘦素等途径短期改善抑郁[35-36],部分患者术后仍存在抑郁症状[37]。术后角色适应、并发症及生活质量问题可能加重抑郁[38],进而增加情绪性进食风险,导致减重效果不佳[39-40]。情绪性进食不仅阻碍体质量维持,还与体质量反弹呈正相关[15,41]。抑郁等心理困扰常促使个体通过摄入高糖高脂食物寻求短暂愉悦感[42],形成恶性循环,导致过度进食和体质量增加[43],最终损害减重效果。除情绪性进食外,术后患者还可能存在暴食症、食物成瘾等其他饮食障碍[44],未来需扩大研究范围。

3.3 抑郁和情绪性进食的链式中介作用

本研究揭示了抑郁和情绪性进食在自我控制与减重效果间的中介机制:(1) 抑郁的中介作用:自我控制水平低与抑郁风险增加相关[45],而抑郁在超重/肥胖人群中与体质量增加有关,可能与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴亢进及代谢紊乱相关[46]。抑郁在自我控制与减重效果间起部分中介作用(中介效应占比24.52%)。(2) 情绪性进食的中介作用:更强的自我控制能力有助于减少冲动性进食[47],降低情绪性进食风险及其导致的体质量反弹。情绪性进食在自我控制与减重效果间起部分中介作用(中介效应占比7.50%)。(3) 链式中介作用:抑郁和情绪性进食共同构成链式中介路径。自我控制作为保护因素,有助于维持良好心理状态[48-49]。然而,肥胖相关的慢性炎症可能通过影响神经递质(如血清素)增加抑郁风险[50]。抑郁状态易诱发情绪性进食(风险为普通人群的2.3倍)以寻求短暂快感,形成“进食-短暂愉悦-罪恶感”循环[50],最终导致减重效果不佳和体质量反弹[51]

综上所述,本研究首次在LSG术后患者中探讨了自我控制对减重效果的影响及抑郁和情绪性进食的中介机制,丰富了相关理论。提升患者的自我控制能力有助于缓解抑郁情绪、减少情绪性进食,从而促进术后减重效果并预防体质量反弹。基于此,正念饮食等干预措施在增强饮食相关自我控制、改善抑郁和情绪化饮食方面展现出潜力[52],值得未来探索。同时,应加强对LSG术后患者提升自我控制水平的健康宣教,以维持积极心态和饮食依从性。

但本研究存在以下局限:(1) 横断面设计限制了因果推断,未来需开展纵向研究;(2) 仅纳入LSG患者,样本代表性受限,未来应纳入不同术式患者;(3) 仅评估情绪性进食一种饮食行为,且可能受社会期望偏差影响,未来需考察更广泛的饮食障碍及其与减重效果的关系,为个体化术后管理提供更全面的依据。

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基金资助

湖南省长沙市自然科学基金资助项目(kq2403068)

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