分化型甲状腺癌的关键基因突变、分子诊断及靶向治疗研究进展

文兵兵 ,  唐宇凡 ,  周柏全 ,  沙颖 ,  余柯 ,  贾佳佳 ,  范瑞芳

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11) : 2442 -2453.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (11) : 2442 -2453. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250273
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分化型甲状腺癌的关键基因突变、分子诊断及靶向治疗研究进展

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Research progress on key gene mutations, molecular diagnosis, and targeted therapy in differentiated thyroid carcinoma

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摘要

分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)总体预后良好,但其恶性进展及对放射性碘治疗的抵抗与多种驱动基因突变密切相关。BRAFRASTERTRET等关键基因不仅影响肿瘤的分化程度、侵袭行为及复发风险,也为风险分层、预后评估及个体化治疗提供重要依据。近年来,多基因检测技术的普及显著提升了细胞学不确定结节的诊断准确率,并在局部进展期病例的新辅助治疗决策中发挥关键作用。靶向治疗方面,多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂以及BRAF、RET等特异性靶向药物显著改善了放射性碘难治性DTC患者的生存结局,但耐药与相关不良反应仍是限制长期获益的重要瓶颈。新近研究正在探索双靶组合和靶向联合免疫治疗,以期进一步提高疗效。本文综述DTC主要基因突变的临床意义、多基因检测的应用价值以及靶向治疗的研究进展,为精准管理提供参考。

Abstract

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) generally carries a favorable prognosis; however, its malignant progression and resistance to radioactive iodine therapy are strongly associated with specific driver gene mutations. Alterations in key genes-such as BRAF, RAS,TERT, and RET-not only influence tumor differentiation, aggressiveness, and recurrence risk but also provide critical molecular information for risk stratification, prognostic evaluation, and individualized therapeutic decision-making. With the increasing availability of multi-gene testing, the diagnostic accuracy for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules has markedly improved, and gene profiling has become essential in guiding neoadjuvant strategies for locally advanced disease. Targeted therapies, including multi-kinase inhibitors and gene-specific inhibitors (e.g., BRAF and RET inhibitors), have significantly improved survival outcomes in patients with radioactive iodine-refractory DTC. Nevertheless, acquired resistance and treatment-related adverse events remain major limitations. Emerging evidence suggests that dual-target inhibition and combinations of targeted therapy with immunotherapy may yield additional clinical benefits. This review summarizes the clinical implications of major gene mutations in DTC, the application of multi-gene testing, and recent advances in targeted therapies to support precision management.

Graphical abstract

关键词

甲状腺肿瘤 / 基因 / 突变 / 分子靶向治疗 / 综述

Key words

Thyroid Neoplasms / Genes / Mutation / Molecular Targeted Therapy / Review

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文兵兵,唐宇凡,周柏全,沙颖,余柯,贾佳佳,范瑞芳. 分化型甲状腺癌的关键基因突变、分子诊断及靶向治疗研究进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(11): 2442-2453 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250273

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近年来,分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC)发病率持续上升,已成为内分泌系统最常见的恶性肿瘤之一[1]。根据2022年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)分类标准[2],DTC病理类型主要包括甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)、滤泡状甲状腺癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,FTC)、嗜酸细胞型甲状腺癌(oncocytic carcinoma,OCA)以及一些罕见亚型。有研究[3-5]表明,基因突变在DTC恶性进展中发挥了关键作用,BRAFRASTERTRET等基因的突变与DTC的分化程度、临床分期、治疗及预后均密切相关。另外,靶向药物的应用为局部晚期或远处转移的放射性碘(radioactive iodine,RAI)难治性DTC(radioactive iodide refractory DTC,RAIR-DTC)患者提供了新的治疗策略,生存获益明显提高。因此,研究DTC基因突变与临床病理的关系及靶向治疗对提高患者总生存期(overall survival,OS)具有重要意义。

1 DTC基因突变的临床病理特征

1.1 BRAF基因

1.1.1 BRAF分子信号转导机制

BRAF是MAPK/ERK通路的核心成员,当RAS蛋白激活并与GTP结合后,BRAF就被招募至细胞膜,解除自抑制单体构象并激活,通过MEK和ERK通路调节细胞生长、分化和凋亡[6]BRAFV600E突变后,即便没有外部信号,BRAF依然持续激活下游通路,导致细胞异常增殖,促进肿瘤的发生与发展[7]。激活的RAS蛋白还可以通过GAB结合蛋白募集PI3K,PI3K修饰产生的PIP3激活Akt和mTOR,调控细胞的生长和代谢[8]。所以,RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK通路与RAS/PI3K/Akt/mTOR存在交互作用,共同调控甲状腺肿瘤细胞的发生和发展。

1.1.2 BRAFV600E突变的临床病理特征

BRAF突变根据其激酶活性及是否依赖RAS信号传导和RAF二聚化,分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类[9]BRAFV600E属于Ⅰ类突变,它不依赖于RAS信号,发生在BRAF基因第600位将缬氨酸(V)替换为谷氨酸(E)而导致,此突变与甲状腺癌、结直肠癌、黑色素瘤等多种癌症密切相关,尤其对甲状腺癌恶性生物学行为的影响涉及多个方面[10]

Shi等[11]发现,BRAFV600E突变型较野生型患者的肿瘤直径、双侧病灶、甲状腺被膜外侵犯(extrathyroidal extension,ETE)、淋巴结转移(lymph node metastasis,LNM)及TNM分期等侵袭特征更为严重;通过BRAFV600E突变丰度分层发现,高丰度组(>20%)的肿瘤直径、LNM、ETE风险比低丰度组(<20%)显著增加,且与晚期TNM分期明显相关。另一项研究[12]也发现,在BRAFV600E阳性患者中,肿瘤直径>1 cm、ETE及颈侧区LNM患者的复发风险更高,且与肿瘤多病灶及TNM分期相关。所以,BRAFV600E突变提高了DTC患者肿瘤侵袭性、局部复发和远处转移的风险。Tao等[13]发现,在BRAF野生型PTC患者中,LNM与病死率无明显关联;但在BRAFV600E阳性PTC患者中,无LNM的病死率为1.4%,合并LNM的病死率上升至7.7%。因此,BRAFV600E突变时,提示可能需要进行更加彻底的手术切除及治疗性中央区及颈侧区淋巴结清扫[14]

但也有研究[15]发现,对于甲状腺微小癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)而言,即使合并BRAFV600E+TERT双突变,也与不良的临床病理特征无显著相关性。Heo等[16]通过对PTMC(<1 cm)与PTC(>1 cm)患者的病死率和死因进行比较发现,PTMC的病死率为1.2%,在死亡的人数中,PTMC的肿瘤特异性死亡率仅占0.02%,死于其他恶性肿瘤高达58.9%;而PTC的肿瘤特异性死亡率为0.71%,显著高于PTMC。因此,PTMC的预后极好,对于低风险的PTMC可采取主动监测,避免过度处理;若伴有LNM、远处转移、肿瘤浸润引起喉返神经麻痹或侵犯气管,才考虑立即手术[17]

1.2 RAS基因

1.2.1 RAS分子信号转导机制

RAS蛋白通过GTP/GDP在活性与非活性间转换来精准调控细胞,当RAS结合GTP进入激活状态时,其构象可暴露出效应结合域,与效应分子特异性结合[18]。已知的经典效应分子包括RAF激活MAPK/ERK通路、PI3K激活PI3K-Akt通路和RALGDS激活RAL通路[19]。Catozzi等[20]基于生物信息数据库,在43个效应蛋白下游构建了RAS效应因子网络,包含2 290个蛋白质,发现12个效应因子类别间存在高度信号串扰,58%的生物学过程已被证实与相应效应通路相关。迄今鉴定出的50余种RAS效应蛋白通过RAS结合域传递信号,构成MAPK、PI3K和RAL-GEF三大核心通路[21]。所以,RAS突变通过破坏GTP酶活性导致信号持续活化,如KRAS突变通过激活RAF和PI3K促进肿瘤发生。

1.2.2 RAS突变的临床病理特征

RAS基因家族包括HRASKRASNRAS,属于GTP酶家族,RAS突变与癌症发生和发展密切相关[22]。在甲状腺癌中,NRAS突变被发现是最常见的RAS突变类型,RAS突变型与野生型在T1/2期肿瘤、LNM、ETE及复发率等临床病理特征方面无显著差异,仅与组织学亚型有关,但RAS突变病例的远处转移风险和病死率明显高于野生型[4,12]。在DTC肿瘤转移机制中,RAS常与多基因协同突变共同驱动。一项78例RAS突变甲状腺癌基因组研究[23]发现,22%DTC存在TERT启动子突变、TP53PIK3CA等基因变异,与单纯RAS突变相比,多基因突变的DTC原发肿瘤更大、远处转移发生率更高,且肿瘤特异性死亡率提高10倍以上。提示RAS突变能通过与其他基因突变协同增强肿瘤的侵袭性和转移潜能。

1.2.3 RAS突变的miRNA研究

RAS基因突变不仅出现在甲状腺恶性肿瘤中,也在良性肿瘤中存在。Macerola等[24]等通过对798个miRNA的表达分析,在RAS突变型甲状腺肿瘤中鉴定出12种显著异常的miRNA,其中miR-222-3p、miR-221-3p和miR-146b-5p显著上调,说明miRNA异常表达可能与RAS突变激活致癌信号通路密切相关。Stojanović等[25]发现,miR-222-3p表达强度与PTC亚型分化程度、肿瘤大小、LNM及BRAF突变状态显著相关,其高表达是ETE和晚期pTNM分期的独立预测因子。另外有研究[26]发现,与结节性甲状腺肿及正常甲状腺组织相比,miRNA-221和miRNA-222在甲状腺癌组织中显著过表达,这两种miRNA在甲状腺癌中呈现协同表达模式,可能在甲状腺癌发生发展中具有潜在作用。通过NanoString技术发现,miR-221-3p是PTC特征性miRNA的核心成员之一,检测miR-221-3p、miR-152-3p、miR-551b-3p和miR-7-5p等四种miRNA有助于诊断疑难病例[27]。同时,血清miR-221-3p及miR-146a-5p水平在PTC患者中显著升高,其动态变化可有效监测术后疾病进展,尤其在甲状腺球蛋白不能提供有用信息时更有临床价值[28]。miR-296-3p在正常甲状腺组织中高表达,PTC组织及细胞系中表达水平较低。有研究[29]表明,高碘状态下环状RNA circ_0004851通过吸附miR-296-3p解除其对下游靶基因FGF11的转录抑制,激活促癌信号通路,促进PTC恶性进展;恢复miR-296-3p表达则显著抑制PTC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力,诱导细胞凋亡。裸鼠移植瘤模型也证实该信号轴在肿瘤生长调控中的关键作用。另有研究发现,miR-296-3p的调控网络与肿瘤放射敏感性密切相关,在KRASBRAF突变型肿瘤中,突变基因通过抑制miR-296-3p导致DNA修复蛋白RAD18异常高表达,靶向抑制RAD18可有效增强放射诱导的DNA损伤效应,在KRAS突变的胰腺癌和BRAF突变的甲状腺癌模型中,联合放疗显示出显著的协同抑瘤作用[30]。这一发现为携带相关基因突变的甲状腺癌提供了潜在治疗靶点。

1.3 TERT基因

TERT启动子突变在侵袭性PTC中获得广泛研究。TERT启动子突变后激活端粒酶活性,延长端粒,赋予肿瘤细胞无限增殖能力,从而加速肿瘤进展[31]TERT启动子突变与高龄、较大肿瘤体积、肿瘤多灶性、晚期TNM分期、高频率的RAI治疗、RAI治疗前甲状腺球蛋白水平升高以及RAI治疗后手术区域外异常摄取等显著相关,TERT启动子与BRAFV600E共突变将进一步加剧PTC的恶性程度[32]。有研究[33]发现,与野生型病例相比,TERT启动子非热点突变(C216T突变)病例的临床病理特征及S100A10表达水平均无显著差异;但TERT启动子热点突变(C228T/C250T)与ETE、复发风险、TNM分期以及S100A10表达增加呈正相关,并且S100A10表达则与ETE、LNM和复发风险之间存在密切的相关性。所以,TERT突变导致患者预后较差的原因可能是C228T/C250T热点突变,并且与S100A10高表达存在潜在的关系。

TERT启动子与BRAF共突变研究中,一项对83例PTC的队列研究[34]证明,TERT+BRAF双突变在老年女性患者中发生率高达72.7%,明显高于老年男性组;并且双突变组的颈侧区LNM率高达54.5%,显著高于单纯BRAF突变组。所以,BRAF突变患者若合并TERT突变更易发生颈侧区LNM。另一项对75例BRAF突变的高危PTC研究[35]发现,合并TERT双突变的复发率高达46.2%,明显高于单突变组的6.6%。由此说明,此类双突变驱动具有性别差异以及能增加中高危PTC患者的复发风险。

Liu等[36]也发现,BRAFTERT变异常共存并协同促进PTC的复发,当BRAFV600ETERT双突变时,TERT启动子区单核苷酸变异(single-nucleotide variation,SNV)为rs2853669 TT基因型的复发风险显著高于TC/CC基因型。同时携带BRAFV600ETERT变异及rs2853669 TT基因型的“遗传三联”患者复发率高达76.5%,而三者均阴性且为TC/CC基因型者复发率仅8.4%。所以,对BRAFV600ETERT双突变患者,可以检测TERT启动子区SNV状态来评估PTC的术后复发风险。

另一方面,TERT启动子突变可能与甲状腺癌的RAI亲和性相关。Nannini等[37]研究显示,48.7%的RAIR-DTC病例存在TERT/TP53突变,其发生RAI抵抗的时间(time to RAI resistance,TTRR)显著缩短至35.4个月。Tan等[5]也证明,在DTC患者中,与单纯BRAFV600E突变相比,当BRAFV600E合并TERT启动子共突变时,不仅多病灶的远处转移率显著增加(85.7% vs. 33.3%),而且RAIR-DTC的发生率显著提高(82.4% vs. 6.3%),TTRR显著缩短且疾病进展更快。因此,TERT启动子变异不仅是导致转移和复发的高危因素,还是晚期RAIR-DTC抵抗的重要风险因素。

1.4 RET基因

RET变异已在多种恶性肿瘤中被发现,在甲状腺癌和非小细胞肺癌中最为常见。RET的异常活化与甲状腺癌的不良预后密切相关,并与远处转移风险显著升高存在强关联。RET重排是指RET基因与其他基因重排,形成新的融合基因,通过影响RAS/RAF/MAPK、PI3K/Akt/mTOR及PLCγ三条信号通路,导致细胞异常增生[38]

有研究[39]发现,RET融合基因并未在任何低风险肿瘤或良性甲状腺组织中被检出,在1 564例甲状腺组织样本中,仅见于PTC患者,阳性率为11.4%(113/993),且儿童及青少年患者的发生率是成人患者的3倍(29.8% vs. 8.7%)。Ullmann等[40]通过对327例接受PTC手术的患者进行基因分型发现,携带RET重排的PTC患者比携带BRAFRAS突变的患者更易发生ETE、多病灶肿瘤和远处转移;与BRAF突变患者相比,无病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)差异不显著,预后较RAS突变患者更差。所以,RET重排可能赋予PTC侵袭性的表型。Zhang等[41]也发现,携带RETTERT启动子双重变异的患者病死率显著高于仅携带RET重排的患者,后者随访期内没有发生死亡。这表明,RET重排与TERT启动子突变共存影响患者的预后,也是导致患者病死率较高的因素之一。

1.5 其他基因

PAX8-PPARγ融合基因是由染色体t(2;3)(q13;p25)易位导致的跨基因融合,融合蛋白同时包含PAX8的DNA结合结构域与PPARγ的配体结合结构域,从而获得异常的转录调控能力。现有研究[42]显示,PAX8-PPARγ融合在FTC中的检出率约为1/3,不同研究报道的范围为12%~53%。另一项分子流行病学研究[43]指出,FTC中最常见的驱动事件为RAS基因突变,其次为PAX8-PPARγ融合,且与RAS基因突变相比,PAX8/PPARγ基因融合患者预后相对较好,而RAS基因突变患者预后较差;另外,携带该融合基因的肿瘤多呈滤泡生长模式,伴随明显的包膜形成及不同程度的包膜或血管侵犯[44],基于其分子特征与流行病学表现,PAX8-PPARγ融合已逐渐成为FTC的重要辅助诊断标志,在滤泡样病变的临床诊断及病理分型中具有重要参考价值。

PIK3CAAkt基因突变通过激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,促进肿瘤细胞增殖,影响患者预后[45]。有研究表明,在FTC患者中,PI3K/Akt通路突变检出率为22.5%,且该基因突变与患者OS降低相关[46]TP53突变在甲状腺未分化癌(anaplastic thyroid carcinoma,ATC)发病机制中常见,但在DTC中发生率相对较低。一项Meta分析[47]显示,DTC患者TP53突变频率为6.1%,并且TP53突变与DTC患者的治疗反应不佳有关;携带TP53突变的患者中位OS仅为2~3年,远远短于TP53野生型患者。总体而言,PIK3CA/AktTP53基因突变不仅对DTC的治疗效果产生重要影响,而且促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭、转移及耐药,显著降低患者的长期OS率。

2 DTC的靶向治疗

2.1 多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)

目前在DTC中研究的大多数TKI主要靶向于血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及其受体(VEGFR)相关信号通路。其中,索拉非尼(sorafenib)和仑伐替尼(lenvatinib)两种药物均被批准用于局部晚期或远处转移的RAIR-DTC[48]。有研究[49]发现,与索拉非尼相比,仑伐替尼可显著延长无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS),具有更高的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR),但出现重度高血压和蛋白尿等治疗相关不良事件(treatment-related adverse events,TRAE)的发生率较高。此外,两种药物虽有较高的疗效,但通过长期随访发现大部分患者最终仍会出现疾病进展。研究[50]发现,通过上调FGF/FGFR、PDGF或ANGPT2旁路血管生成因子,建立VEGF非依赖性的血管生成途径对索拉非尼产生耐药。对于仑伐替尼的获得性耐药,Bertol等[51]的一项临床前研究显示,耐药细胞常出现上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)并伴随多条促存活信号通路的激活导致。说明药物的耐药是多通路协同作用的结果。

卡博替尼(cabozantinib)是索拉非尼和仑伐替尼产生耐药后的多靶点TKI后续治疗药物。COSMIC-311试验Ⅲ期临床研究(NCT03690388)[52]发现,对于经仑伐替尼和(或)索拉非尼治疗后进展的RAIR-DTC患者,卡博替尼与安慰剂相比可显著延长晚期RAIR-DTC患者的中位PFS(mPFS)(16.6个月vs. 3.2个月),并且疗效不受既往仑伐替尼/索拉非尼治疗史及组织学亚型的影响。该研究确立了卡博替尼作为晚期RAIR-DTC二线治疗的优选地位。

多纳非尼(donafenib)是我国研制的针对RAIR-DTC的多靶点TKI药物。一项多中心Ⅱ期研究(NCT02870569)[53]评估了多纳非尼200 mg和300 mg两种剂量方案的疗效,结果表明,200 mg组和300 mg组的ORR分别为12.5%和13.33%,mPFS分别为9.44个月和14.98个月。该试验Ⅲ期研究(NCT03602495)[54]进一步验证了多纳非尼在RAIR-DTC中的疗效,300 mg组和安慰剂组的mPFS分别为12.9个月和6.4个月,ORR分别为23.3%和1.7%。该靶向药物为RAIR-DTC患者提供了一种可靠的治疗选择。

2.2 抗血管生成药

阿帕替尼(apatinib)是一种VEGFR-2靶向药物,在局部晚期或远处转移的RAIR-DTC中表现出良好的治疗效果。REALITY试验Ⅲ期研究(NCT03048877)[55]评估了阿帕替尼对局部晚期或转移性RAIR-DTC的疗效及安全性,阿帕替尼组及安慰组的ORR分别为54.3%及2.2%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为95.7%及58.7%,mPFS为22.2个月及4.5个月,差异有统计学意义。阿帕替尼的常见不良事件包括高血压(34.8%)、手足综合征(17.4%)、蛋白尿(15.2%)和腹泻(15.2%),显示其在RAIR-DTC治疗中的可行性和安全性。

2.3 特异性靶向药物

2.3.1 BRAF基因靶向药物

BRAFV600E是甲状腺癌中最常见的基因突变,作为MAPK通路的关键驱动突变,能持续激活BRAF/MEK/ERK信号促进肿瘤细胞增殖与去分化,并且是DTC进展为局部晚期及远处转移RAIR-DTC的重要原因之一。

维罗非尼(vemurafenib)是一种特异性BRAFV600E激酶抑制剂,通过选择性阻断突变型BRAF激酶的活性,使下游MEK/ERK信号传导受到抑制,从分子水平上干预了肿瘤细胞的增殖分化状态[56]。一项开放标签、多中心的Ⅱ期临床试验显示[57],维罗非尼单药用于BRAFV600E突变且未接受过VEGFR-TKI的RAIR-DTC患者时,ORR为38.5%;而既往接受过VEGFR-TKI治疗者的ORR为27.3%。提示维罗非尼对未接受过TKI治疗的BRAFV600E突变患者表现出抗肿瘤活性。但维罗非尼的临床疗效常因短期反应和通过异质性反馈机制产生的获得性耐药而受到限制,Ma等[58]研究发现,通过敲低SHP2或使用SHP2抑制剂SHP099降低其活性,可显著增强BRAFV600E突变甲状腺癌细胞对维罗非尼的早期敏感性并逆转后期耐药性。双硫仑(disulfiram,DSF)作为一种戒酒药物,已被证实能以铜(Cu)依赖性方式发挥强效抗肿瘤作用。Xie等[59]发现,DSF/Cu对BRAFV600E突变甲状腺癌细胞的增殖和集落形成能力表现出比单独DSF处理更强的抑制作用。DSF/Cu通过活性氧依赖性抑制MAPK/ERK和PI3K/Akt信号通路杀伤甲状腺癌细胞;同时发现,DSF/Cu能显著增强BRAFV600E突变甲状腺癌细胞对维罗非尼的敏感性。以上研究说明,SHP2靶蛋白以及DSF/Cu在甲状腺癌BRAF靶向治疗中具有潜在的应用价值,虽尚处于研究阶段,但为BRAFV600E突变甲状腺癌提供了新的治疗策略。

另外,BRAF抑制剂与MEK抑制剂联合应用也显示出一定的可行性。一项多中心Ⅱ期随机对照研究(NCT01723202)[60]通过评估达拉非尼(dabrafenib)单药治疗与达拉非尼+MEK抑制剂曲美替尼(trametinib)联合治疗BRAF突变RAIR-DTC的疗效,单药治疗组及联合治疗ORR分别为42%和48%,1年PFS分别为50%和73%,差异无统计学意义;但联合治疗组的TRAE发生率更高。另一项Ⅱ期非对照研究(jRCT2011200018)[61]评估了恩考芬尼联合MEK抑制剂比尼替尼(binimetinib)在BRAFV600E突变甲状腺癌患者中的疗效与安全性。22例甲状腺癌患者中,17例为DTC,5例为ATC。结果发现,DTC患者的ORR为47.1%(8/17),而ATC患者ORR达80%(4/5)。全组12个月的持续缓解率(durable response rate,DRR)、PFS和OS分别为90.9%、78.8%和81.8%。27.3%(6/22)患者出现3级TRAE,未发生4/5级TRAE。综上,采用达拉非尼联合曲美替尼治疗BRAF突变RAIR-DTC并没有比达拉非尼单药的疗效更优,相反副作用明显提高;但恩考芬尼联合比尼替尼治疗则显示出临床获益,且安全性可接受,说明双靶联合疗法或可成为治疗BRAFV600E突变甲状腺癌的新选择。

2.3.2 RET基因靶向药物

普拉替尼(pralsetinib)是受体酪氨酸激酶RET抑制剂,可选择性抑制RET激酶活性。ARROW试验Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究(NCT03037385)[62]证明了普拉替尼能适用于RET突变甲状腺癌患者的治疗,ORR达89%(8/9)。该试验(NCT03037385)[63]长期随访进一步评估了普拉替尼在晚期及转移性RET突变甲状腺癌中的疗效及安全性,结果显示,普拉替尼在既往接受过治疗的RET融合阳性的甲状腺癌患者中,ORR为90.9%,中位缓解持续时间(median duration of response,mDOR)和mPFS分别为23.6个月和25.4个月,97.1%患者出现TRAE。该研究为普拉替尼获批应用于RET融合阳性的甲状腺癌患者奠定了基础。

3 靶向治疗联合免疫治疗的探索性进展

靶向治疗可通过阻断关键致癌通路直接抑制肿瘤生长,而免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)通过阻断PD-1/PD-L1或CTLA-4信号通路解除T细胞的抑制信号,重新激活效应T细胞,恢复免疫反应并增强其抗肿瘤活性[64]。二者的联合应用在甲状腺癌中尚处于探索阶段,一项Ⅱ期临床研究(NCT02973997)[65]发现,仑伐替尼联合帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab)可提高局部晚期RAIR-DTC初治患者的持久疗效(ORR为65.5%,mPFS为26.8个月),并且对仑伐替尼治疗后进展的患者仍有效(ORR为16%,mPFS为10.0个月),提示仑伐替尼联合帕博利珠单抗可作为局部晚期RAIR-DTC的一种可行治疗策略。此外,另一项Ⅱ期CaboNivoIpi试验(卡博替尼+纳武利尤单抗+伊匹木单抗)[66]在既往接受VEGFR靶向治疗后进展的11例RAIR-DTC患者中,采用2周卡博替尼诱导,诱导后每6周进行1次三联方案治疗,随后以卡博替尼联合纳武利尤单抗维持。结果显示,在10例可评估患者中,6个月内ORR为10%,mPFS为9.0个月,mOS为19.2个月。治疗相关≥3级不良事件发生率为55%,5级不良事件为18%,该研究未达到预设疗效阈值。说明三联方案在该群体中的获益有限且毒性负担较高,也由此说明了靶向治疗联合免疫治疗并非一定优于单纯靶向治疗,但现有的研究也受限于纳入患者数量过少,也缺乏足够的循证医学证据来进行验证。

已完成的DTC靶向治疗临床试验见表1,正在进行的DTC靶向治疗临床试验见表2,DTC关键基因突变频率及临床意义见表3,DTC靶向药物作用机制见图1

4 多基因检测应用

细针穿刺活检(fine needle aspiration,FNA)联合细胞病理学评估是甲状腺结节良恶性鉴别的重要手段,但仍有20%~30%患者细胞学检查无法明确诊断[74]。通过多基因检测关键基因的突变可显著提高术前诊断的准确性。Ren等[75]通过二代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS)技术对22个相关基因进行联合检测,结果发现PTC的基因突变总体检出率高达93.8%(181/193),其中BRAF突变高达81.9%,而RASTERT启动子突变仅为1.0%和3.6%,RET/NTRK3基因融合占10.4%;对于细胞学无法明确诊断的甲状腺结节,NGS检测的诊断敏感度为79.2%(38/48),特异度为80.0%(8/10)。另一项研究[76]也表明,与单纯FNA细胞病理学评估相比,NGS多基因检测联合细胞学评估可将诊断敏感度从68.6%提升至89.3%,特异度从87.5%提升至95.2%,阳性预测值从95.9%提升至98.9%、阴性预测值从39.8%提升至64.5%,准确率从72.2%提升到90.3%。这一结果提示,在无法明确诊断的情况下,将细胞学与多基因检测相结合能够显著提升甲状腺结节的诊断准确性。

多基因检测还应用在局部进展期甲状腺癌新辅助治疗中,目的是识别具有治疗指导意义的突变驱动基因,从而为解剖学上边界可切除或暂不可切除的病例匹配相应靶向方案,实现肿瘤降期,提高R0/R1切除率并优化后续综合治疗方案[77]。此外,2025年美国甲状腺协会发布的《成人分化型甲状腺癌管理指南》将分子特征纳入风险分层与临床管理的辅助决策[78]。在术后疾病进展或出现RAIR-DTC时,通过多基因检测可识别驱动突变,从而为精准靶向治疗的选择提供关键依据。

5 总结与展望

DTC的发生发展与BRAFRASTERTRET等关键基因突变密切相关,这些分子事件不仅影响肿瘤的侵袭性表型及生物学行为,也为风险分层和个体化治疗提供了重要依据。多基因检测是识别驱动基因突变的重要手段,基于检测结果既有助于评估DTC患者的复发及预后风险,也可为局部晚期或RAIR-DTC患者选择适合的多靶点TKI或特异性靶向药物,从而显著延长PFS。但耐药和TRAE仍然是限制长期获益的主要瓶颈。目前临床上正在探索双靶治疗及靶向+免疫治疗,前者虽尚未获得国家药品监管部门正式批准,但已有研究提示其在部分患者中可带来较为可观的临床获益,可能成为耐药后的潜在治疗选择;而靶向+免疫治疗虽已有探索性研究,相关临床试验报道较少,目前尚缺乏其优于单纯靶向治疗或双靶联合治疗的充分临床证据,未来需在大样本、多中心研究基础上,进一步阐明靶向+免疫治疗对DTC不同分子亚型的治疗影响,探索更为合理的给药方案与联合策略,在提高疗效的同时尽量降低毒性负担。随着分子分型技术的普及和精准治疗理念的深入,相信DTC患者的长期生存及生活质量将进一步得到改善。

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基金资助

甘肃省自然科学基金资助项目(22JR5RA004)

中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院科研计划基金资助项目(2021yxky045)

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