IL-1β在胰腺癌中的双向调控作用及其临床转化价值

胡宗毅 ,  王子涵 ,  邢嘉倚 ,  张越晴 ,  王雯雯 ,  王天泽 ,  李成 ,  张巍

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3) : 579 -587.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3) : 579 -587. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250286
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IL-1β在胰腺癌中的双向调控作用及其临床转化价值

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Bidirectional regulatory roles of IL-1β in pancreatic cancer and their clinical translational value

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摘要

胰腺癌是一种高度侵袭性且预后极差的恶性肿瘤,其免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境在疾病进展中发挥关键作用。白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)作为重要的促炎性细胞因子,在炎症反应、纤维化、上皮-间充质转化及免疫调控中具有核心作用。近年来研究表明,IL-1β通过多通路参与胰腺癌的发生、发展与转移,并与不良预后、治疗耐药及肿瘤复发密切相关。然而,在特定条件下IL-1β亦可能发挥抗肿瘤作用,其生物学功能具有双向性。本文系统综述IL-1β的生物学特性及其在胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中的多层次作用机制,重点总结其在诊断、预后评估及靶向治疗中的潜在应用价值,并对当前研究争议及未来发展方向进行展望。

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with an extremely poor prognosis, in which the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in disease progression. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, is critically involved in inflammation, fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and immune regulation. Accumulating evidence indicates that IL-1β contributes to the initiation, progression, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer through multiple signaling pathways, and is closely associated with poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence. Notably, IL-1β may also exert anti-tumor effects under specific conditions, highlighting its context-dependent dual role. This review systematically summarizes the biological characteristics of IL-1β and its multifaceted roles in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, with a focus on its potential applications in diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and targeted therapy. Current controversies and future research directions are also discussed.

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关键词

胰腺肿瘤 / 白细胞介素1β / 肿瘤微环境 / 综述

Key words

Pancreatic Neoplasms / Interleukin-1β / Tumor Microenvironment / Review

引用本文

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胡宗毅,王子涵,邢嘉倚,张越晴,王雯雯,王天泽,李成,张巍. IL-1β在胰腺癌中的双向调控作用及其临床转化价值[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2026, 35(3): 579-587 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250286

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胰腺癌是一种高度侵袭性且预后极差的恶性肿瘤[1-3]。胰腺癌的肿瘤微环境以极度纤维化和免疫抑制为特征,是导致其治疗耐药和预后不良的关键,在这一复杂生态系统中,白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)作为介导炎症与肿瘤恶性转化的核心细胞因子,发挥着枢纽性调控作用[4-9]。本综述在系统梳理IL-1β经典促癌机制的基础上,进一步整合其在不同时空背景下的功能差异,重点探讨其在胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中的双向调控作用及临床转化潜力。

1 IL-1β的生物学特征

IL-1β作为IL-1家族中专职发挥强大促炎作用的重要因子,在各种炎症相关疾病中发挥着关键作用[10]。IL-1β主要由单核巨噬细胞产生,浸润的单核细胞和巨噬细胞内的IL-1β基因转录后,形成前体蛋白pro-IL-1β。在炎症信号作用下,NLR家族吡啶域含3(NLR family pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)炎症小体被激活,促使pro-IL-1β通过半胱天冬酶1(cysteine-aspartic protease 1,caspase-1)等蛋白酶剪切,转化为成熟的IL-1β并分泌至细胞外[11]。成熟的IL-1β通过结合IL-1受体I型(IL-1 receptor type I,IL-1RI)并招募IL-1受体辅助蛋白(IL-1 receptor accessory protein,IL-1RAcP)形成复合物,该复合物通过其胞内的Toll/IL-1受体(Toll/interleukin-1 receptor,TIR)结构域激活髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88,MyD88)、白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶(Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase,IRAK)和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)等信号分子,进而激活核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)等下游信号通路,从而广泛调控炎症反应、免疫细胞功能及组织重塑[12-17]

2 IL-1β在胰腺癌中的作用

2.1 IL-1β通过炎症驱动胰腺癌的起始与癌前转化

慢性胰腺炎是胰腺癌最重要的风险因素,其持续性或反复发作的炎症过程会破坏胰腺组织结构,导致内分泌和外分泌功能障碍,并引发不可逆的纤维化,这一病理变化为胰腺癌提供了有利的微环境[18-20]。在胰腺炎中,胰腺细胞受损和炎症细胞激活等因素可导致IL-1β持续高表达,其在加剧炎症反应的同时,导致突变基因积累、腺泡导管转分化(acinar-to-ductal metaplasia,ADM)和纤维化,进而促进胰腺癌的发生发展[20-21]。此外,在Yaw等[22]的体外研究中,研究人员观察到使用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)激活NLRP3炎症小体,并进一步提高IL-1β水平可增加胰腺癌细胞的增殖。随后他们发现使用特异性拮抗剂抑制NLRP3的激活可有效减少IL-1β的分泌,并降低已癌变细胞活力。

IL-1β还可促进胰腺细胞的转分化。在长期炎症环境中,胰腺腺泡细胞逐渐转分化为导管样细胞,即发生ADM,这是胰腺癌早期发生的标志之一。IL-1β引起的氧化应激和炎症持续作用下导致包括Kirsten鼠类肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog,KRAS)、肿瘤抑制基因TP53在内基因突变的积累,诱导STAT3磷酸化入核促进胰腺细胞增殖并发生ADM[23]。同时,KRAS信号的异常激动可促进胰腺上皮细胞CXCL13的表达[23-24],以及与IL-1β/NF-κB构成的炎性正反馈环路形成协同放大效应[25],促进ADM进一步发展为胰腺上皮内瘤变(pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia,PanIN)。整体上看,IL-1β作为“桥梁”连接了慢性炎症到癌前病变这一过程,是胰腺癌发生发展的关键驱动因子之一。

2.2 IL-1β在胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中的调控作用

IL-1β在胰腺癌基质中广泛存在,可以由多种细胞分泌产生,包括胰腺癌细胞,肿瘤基质细胞和免疫细胞等[26]。IL-1β作为一种强大的促炎因子,可以调节细胞中的基因表达和细胞因子的产生、细胞黏附和迁移、血管生成和免疫反应[4, 24],并且其在胰腺癌的肿瘤微环境中发挥着重要的调节作用(图1),IL-1β对胰腺癌微环境中各类细胞的影响及其作用机制的总结见表1

2.2.1 IL-1β对胰腺肿瘤细胞的影响

肿瘤细胞是IL-1β在胰腺癌中的重要来源,同时也可接受IL-1β的作用形成自分泌和旁分泌作用。目前已有研究证实,IL-1β可通过多种途径促进胰腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移及上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)等恶性生物学行为[42]。IL-1β通过激活p38 MAPK通路上调Krüppel样因子5(Krüppel-like factor 5,KLF5)表达,进而促进肿瘤细胞增殖和血管生成[27]。此外,KLF5作为关键转录因子,其高表达与胰腺癌患者不良预后密切相关。在侵袭和转移方面,IL-1β可通过促进KIAA1199表达增加低分子量透明质酸浓度,破坏细胞外基质完整性,从而提高肿瘤细胞的侵袭能力[29]。同时,IL-1β可激活非经典的Hedgehog信号通路和经典的NF-κB通路,上调胶质瘤相关癌基因同源物1(glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1,GLI1)表达,促进肿瘤细胞的迁移、侵袭及EMT和耐药性[30]。IL-1β还可通过炎症放大机制促进肿瘤进展。IL-1β能抑制肿瘤细胞中15-羟基前列腺素脱氢酶(15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase,15-PGDH)的表达,使前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)无法降解并在细胞中累积,持续加剧炎症反应,形成“IL-1β-PGE2”正反馈环路,促进肿瘤进展[28]。此外,IL-1β介导的炎症反应本身也可直接促进胰腺癌进展[42]。在免疫逃逸和干性维持方面,研究表明人脂肪条件培养基可刺激肿瘤细胞产生趋化因子配体5(C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5,CXCL5)并抑制T细胞浸润,IL-1β作为脂肪因子参与了这一过程[43]。更值得注意的是,Silva等[32]近期研究发现,IL-1β通过激活NF-κB通路上调ST6GAL1唾液酸转移酶表达,ST6GAL1将α2-6唾液酸转移至肿瘤细胞膜受体,使肿瘤细胞获得癌症干细胞特性并抵抗细胞毒性作用,从而促进肿瘤细胞存活和增殖。

2.2.2 IL-1β对胰腺肿瘤基质细胞的影响

肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAF)和胰腺星状细胞(pancreatic stellate cells,PSC)是导致胰腺癌致密纤维化的核心驱动细胞,两者大量存在于胰腺癌基质中,其本身较少分泌IL-1β,但是存在大量IL-1R,是IL-1β在胰腺癌基质中的主要应答细胞[44]。IL-1β作为连接肿瘤细胞与基质细胞的关键细胞因子,通过在CAF和PSC中激活相应的下游通路,驱动促纤维化和免疫抑制功能,形成促肿瘤的微环境。肿瘤细胞来源的IL-1β是激活CAF和PSC的共同始动因素。在IL-1β作用下,正常的成纤维细胞(fibroblasts,FB)转化为CAF,驱动纤维化并促进胰腺癌细胞增殖[8, 34];处于静息状态下的PSC被激活,分泌大量胶原蛋白、纤连蛋白等细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)成分,加剧纤维化,为胰腺癌的进展提供肿瘤支持性微环境[35, 45-46]。机制上,IL-1β在两类细胞中均激活NF-κB信号通路。在CAF中,IL-1β通过IRAK4激活NF-κB,增强CAF的促肿瘤功能[34];在PSC中,IL-1β激活NF-κB通路诱导上皮特异性ETS转录因子3(epithelial-specific ETS transcription factor 3,ESE3)过表达,驱动结缔组织增生。此外,IL-1β还可激活STAT信号通路,促进CAF分泌IL-6加重炎症反应[5],并诱导胰腺β细胞释放TNF-α和IL-6维持胰腺慢性炎症状态[47-48]。功能上,CAF与PSC共同构建纤维化与免疫抑制微环境。CAF通过释放胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin,TSLP)激活树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC),促进Th2极化导致Th1/Th2失衡,增加胶原蛋白合成[33, 49];PSC则通过ESE3过表达导致的ECM沉积。此过程中,肿瘤细胞分泌的凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD,ASC)作为警报蛋白维持IL-1β活性[50]。更值得注意的是,PSC与中性粒细胞之间存在IL-1β介导的正反馈循环。激活的PSC分泌的IL-1β会招募中性粒细胞浸润,后者来源的IL-1β又进一步作用于PSC和CAF,该现象在肥胖患者中尤为显著[51],靶向抑制IL-1β可减少PSC的活化和中性粒细胞的浸润,抑制肿瘤进展。同时,激活的PSC促进肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophagesTAM)聚集并减少CD8⁺ T细胞浸润[6],与CAF介导的Th2极化共同发挥免疫抑制作用。

2.2.3 IL-1β对免疫细胞的影响

TAM是胰腺癌免疫抑制肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分,可分为经典活化型(M1)和替代活化型(M2)两种表型,在胰腺癌中以M2型浸润为主[52]。IL-1β对于TAM的增殖和极化具有调节作用,但是其在胰腺癌中的具体机制尚不明确[37, 53-54]。TAM会分泌IL-1β,主要用于调节肿瘤细胞中15-PGDH的表达,使PGE2累积[27],PGE2可将肿瘤浸润的单核细胞分化为巨噬细胞并促进巨噬细胞继续分泌IL-1β,此外,来自胰腺癌细胞的碎片通过TLR4/TRIF/NF-κB信号通路也诱导巨噬细胞释放IL-1β[55],由此形成IL-1β与TAM之间的炎症循环[56],提高IL-1β含量促进胰腺癌的进展和转移。TAM中还存在大量的NLRP3炎性小体,一项研究[36]表明,巨噬细胞中脂肪酸结合蛋白4(fatty acid-binding protein 4,FABP4)可调节NLRP3/IL-1β轴,促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移能力,肥胖患者有更多的FABP4,因此肿瘤的进展更为迅速。髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSC)是未分化成熟的免疫抑制细胞,具有抑制CD8⁺ T细胞的功能,其在胰腺癌基质中大量浸润,是胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中主要的免疫抑制因子之一[57]。一项研究[58]表明IL-1β下调胰腺肿瘤细胞中的Regnase-1,增加多种招募和激活MDSC的重要的趋化因子(PCCL1、CXCL2、CSF2),使MDSC在癌症部位聚集。Paul等[58]开展的一项临床试验表明,同时阻断IL-1β和程序性细胞死亡受体1(programmed death receptor 1,PD-1),可使循环系统中的活化CD8⁺ T细胞适度增多,MDSC数量适度减少,但在肿瘤中MDSC的T细胞抑制情况并未得到改善。T淋巴细胞是胰腺癌中产生抗肿瘤免疫应答的主要细胞,这些淋巴细胞受包括IL-1β在内的各种细胞因子调节。一般来讲,IL-1β有助于炎症区域内聚集CD4⁺ T细胞[59],但是在胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中IL-1β可通过CAF间接影响CD4⁺T细胞亚型的平衡对胰腺癌产生消极的影响,具体机制已在上文中提及。研究人员还观察到IL-1β可以轻微地下调CD8⁺ T细胞的迁移能力,促进肿瘤发展[40]。此外,IL-1β可诱导具有免疫抑制表型的B细胞,这些细胞会表达更多的PD-L1,通过抑制免疫反应,促进胰腺癌进展[23]。正如上文所述,IL-1β还可以通过激活PSC、募集MDSC和调节巨噬细胞M2极化构建免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境,进而下调胰腺癌中T淋巴细胞浸润的数量[6]

3 IL-1β在胰腺癌临床诊疗中的意义

3.1 IL-1β在胰腺癌诊断与预后评估中的价值

IL-1β作为一种与胰腺癌发生发展密切相关的细胞因子,在血清学检测、囊肿液检测及遗传风险预测中均显示出潜在的临床价值。多项临床研究[60-61]表明,包括IL-1β在内的多种细胞因子在胰腺癌患者血液中显著增加,并且IL-1β的高表达与胰腺癌的严重程度上升与病死率增加密切相关。然而,在急性、慢性胰腺炎等胰腺的炎症疾病中,IL-1β的表达仍会升高,所以IL-1β并不能单独作为胰腺癌的生物标志物。CA19-9目前临床应用最广的胰腺癌血清生物标志物,IL-1β的引入提高了单独使用CA19-9筛查胰腺癌患者的敏感度[60]。同时,在Lanki等[62]的研究中包括IL-1β在内的七种细胞因子(CTACK、MIF、IL-1β、IL-3、GRO-α、M-CSF、SCF)被认为是与胰腺癌生存预后相关的潜在生物标志物。因此,IL-1β具有与胰腺癌传统生物标志物或其他潜在的生物标志物联合检测提高诊断准确率的潜力。

临床上,IL-1β与胰腺癌的某些癌前病变也密切相关,多项研究证明根据IL-1β在胰腺囊肿液中的表达水平可以区分高风险和低风险的胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN),尤其是对于高级别异型增生的侵袭性IPMN的诊断,还可以通过与囊肿液中PGE2和血清中CA19-9的联合检测进一步提高诊断的敏感度[63-64]。然而,在Okasha等[65]的研究中,IL-1β在胰腺囊肿液中的表达水平对胰腺囊性病变(pancreatic cystic lesion,PCL)的良性或恶性的鉴别并没有表现出显著相关性。这提示IL-1β在区分胰腺癌的癌前病变良恶性方面可能会受癌前病变的类型影响,同时样本来源和IL-1β的检测方法不同等差异也会对结果造成影响,目前这方面的研究较少,需要更多的临床前瞻性研究进一步说明IL-1β与胰腺癌癌前病变的关系。

此外,一项病例对照研究[66]表明IL-1β基因启动子区单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)与胰腺癌的患病概率相关,其证实了IL-1β-511CT/-31TC基因型携带者患有胰腺癌的风险显著增加,这为IL-1β遗传变异与胰腺癌患病风险的关联提供了初步证据,这一发现未来可能在胰腺癌易患人群的预防方面提供帮助。

3.2 IL-1β在胰腺癌治疗中的潜力

IL-1β在胰腺癌的临床治疗中显示出良好的应用前景,在靶向IL-1β的治疗和与现有抗肿瘤策略联合应用方面具有良好的应用前景。对于IL-1β的靶向治疗目前主要有三种方式,首先在配体层面,通过使用IL-1β的中和抗体阻断IL-1β本身发挥作用。具有代表性的是卡那单抗(canakinumab),这是一种特异性人源化IgG单克隆抗体,可高亲和力结合IL-1β,且不与IL-1α或IL-1R1发生交叉反应[67]。该抗体已被证实可显著降低肺癌发病率和患者病死率[68],目前在胰腺癌中已完成Ⅰ期临床试验,但该抗体在胰腺癌中的效果还需要后续进一步临床试验来验证[69];其次,可通过NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂可减少成熟IL-1β的生成。MCC950、CY09、OLT1177等化学抑制剂通过靶向NLRP3的ATP酶活性或寡聚化过程发挥作用[26],其中已有研究[22]表明MCC950在胰腺癌中可减少IL-1β分泌并降低癌变细胞活力;最后,在受体层面,使用IL-1R阻断剂可竞争性抑制IL-1β与受体的结合。阿那白滞素(anakinra)是一种重组非糖基化的人源IL-1R拮抗剂,目前已在临床上广泛应用于治疗类风湿性关节炎及新生儿多系统炎性疾病[70],在胰腺癌中已有两项临床研究[71-72]完成了anakinra与某些现有抗肿瘤策略的联合应用的Ⅰ期临床试验,治疗效果还需期待后续Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期临床试验的结果。

IL-1β靶向治疗与现有抗肿瘤策略的联合应用也是当前的研究重点。在化疗联合方面,一项临床前与临床混合研究中,胰腺癌患者在接受术前辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC)后,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)显著下降,导致全身中性粒细胞来源的IL-1β减少,这说明NAC可能通过减少患者体内的中性粒细胞来阻断IL-1β带来的不良反应,改善患者的预后[5],如果配合中性粒细胞来源IL-1β的靶向治疗,有希望取得更好的疗效。在免疫抑制剂联合方面,一项临床Ⅰb期试验中联合阻断IL-1β和PD-1可以减轻转移性胰腺癌患者全身的髓性免疫抑制,有限提高CD8⁺ T细胞的活性,并减少循环中的MDSC[58]

尽管目前IL-1β应用于胰腺癌治疗的前景乐观,但IL-1β靶向治疗的临床转化仍面临多重挑战。首先,胰腺癌具有致密的纤维化基质,一些靶向IL-1β的大分子药物无法有效渗透并发挥作用[34]。其次,在胰腺癌的肥胖患者中IL-1β的作用更为强大,因此可能存在体形偏瘦的胰腺癌患者治疗效果弱于肥胖患者[51]。目前,许多有关胰腺癌IL-1β靶向治疗以及与现有抗肿瘤策略的联合疗法的临床研究还未完成,其在胰腺癌中的确切疗效仍有待进一步验证[26]

4 总结与展望

IL-1β作为一种关键的促炎性细胞因子,在胰腺癌的发生、发展和转移中扮演了至关重要的角色。IL-1β不仅在慢性胰腺炎导致的胰腺癌进展中起关键桥梁作用,还通过驱动纤维化、EMT及免疫逃逸促进肿瘤的侵袭与转移。在临床转化方面,IL-1β虽在诊断与靶向治疗中展现出一定潜力,但受限于其特异度不足、胰腺癌致密的纤维化基质对靶向药物的渗透阻碍,以及患者个体代谢异质性等现实挑战,其实际临床应用仍存困难。因此,IL-1β在胰腺癌中的作用并非单向促癌,而是呈现出依赖于微环境状态的动态平衡特征。

然而,值得深入探讨的是,IL-1β在肿瘤学中的功能并非绝对单一。尽管目前在胰腺癌领域,绝大多数研究聚焦于其促癌机制,但在其他多种肿瘤(如结肠癌、黑色素瘤等)的研究中发现,在放化疗、病毒感染或外源性细菌疗法等强应激条件下,肿瘤细胞或浸润的固有免疫细胞(DC和巨噬细胞)内的炎症小体被激活,分泌高浓度IL-1β作为“免疫佐剂”招募并活化具有抗肿瘤活性的免疫细胞(中性粒细胞和CD8+ T细胞),发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用[73-74]。因此,IL-1β在肿瘤中的功能翻转可能取决于其“时空表达模式”与“浓度阈值”。慢性、低剂量的IL-1β倾向于诱导纤维化与免疫逃逸;而急性、高浓度的IL-1β则表现出抗肿瘤效应。目前该领域仍存在亟待解决的核心问题,在胰腺癌的高度免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境中潜在的抗肿瘤免疫是否被掩盖及能否人为干预打破促炎状态,触发其抑癌潜力尚待深入研究。未来可借助单细胞测序和空间转录组学技术揭示其在肿瘤进程不同微环境中的多层次作用,精确绘制胰腺癌发展过程中IL-1β的分泌源、靶细胞受体分布及其下游分子网络的动态图谱,从而在亚细胞水平阐明其双向调控机制。这可为开发针对特定细胞来源(如TAM或PSC)的IL-1β调节剂以抑制其促纤维化和免疫抑制效应;精准干预IL-1β驱动的致癌突变等下游关键信号节点;以及探索IL-1β时空调节等精准靶向治疗提供更多依据。

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基金资助

中国人民解放军北部战区总医院自主科研基金资助项目(ZZKY2024036)

兴辽英才计划基金资助项目(XLYC2412087)

中国医科大学大学生创新创业训练计划基金资助项目(X202510159050)

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