肝动脉灌注化疗联合贝伐珠单抗+信迪利单抗与阿替利珠单抗在晚期肝细胞癌中的疗效与安全性比较

唐翔 ,  杨周添 ,  胡利 ,  彭威 ,  叶志炜 ,  胡丹旦 ,  王骏成 ,  张耀军

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (07) : 1382 -1389.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (07) : 1382 -1389. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250300
专题研究

肝动脉灌注化疗联合贝伐珠单抗+信迪利单抗与阿替利珠单抗在晚期肝细胞癌中的疗效与安全性比较

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Efficacy and safety of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus bevacizumab with sintilimab vs. atezolizumab in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

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摘要

背景与目的 近年来,随着系统治疗的不断进展,肝动脉灌注化疗(HAIC)联合免疫检查点抑制剂及抗血管生成药物在晚期肝细胞癌(HCC)治疗中显示出显著疗效。然而,不同免疫靶点的联合策略(PD-1抑制剂与PD-L1抑制剂)在临床获益和安全性方面的差异尚缺乏直接对比。本研究旨在比较HAIC联合贝伐珠单抗及信迪利单抗(HAIC-BP1)与HAIC联合贝伐珠单抗及阿替利珠单抗(HAIC-BPL)在晚期HCC中的疗效与安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2020年1月—2022年12月在中山大学肿瘤防治中心接受HAIC-BP1或HAIC-BPL一线治疗的88例HCC患者。比较两组患者的无进展生存期(PFS)、总生存期(OS)、客观缓解率(ORR)、疾病控制率(DCR)、不良事件(AE),并分析影响PFS的危险因素。 结果 共纳入HAIC-BP1组47例和HAIC-BPL组41例,两组患者基线特征差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。HAIC-BP1组和HAIC-BPL组的ORR(59.6% vs. 65.9%)和DCR(72.3% vs. 80.5%)差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。中位随访16.3个月后,HAIC-BP1组和HAIC-BPL组的中位OS(21.3个月vs. 22.4个月)及中位PFS(6.7个月vs. 6.2个月)差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。两组AE发生率相近,未见治疗相关死亡。Cox回归分析显示,肿瘤直径>10 cm是PFS的独立危险因素(HR=0.48,95% CI=0.27~0.83,P=0.009)。 结论 HAIC-BP1与HAIC-BPL在晚期HCC一线治疗中均具有可比的疗效与良好的安全性,均可作为治疗选择。肿瘤直径>10 cm是PFS的不良预后因素,提示患者分层在临床决策中具有重要意义。

Abstract

Background and Aims In recent years, with the continuous progress of systemic therapy, hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors and anti-angiogenic agents has demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, direct comparisons between different immunotherapeutic targets, such as PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, in terms of clinical benefit and safety remain limited. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of HAIC plus bevacizumab and sintilimab (HAIC-BP1) versus HAIC plus bevacizumab and atezolizumab (HAIC-BPL) in advanced HCC. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 88 patients with advanced HCC who received first-line HAIC-BP1or HAIC-BPL at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2020 and December 2022. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and adverse events (AEs) were compared between the two groups. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors affecting PFS. Results A total of 47 patients were included in the HAIC-BP1 group and 41 patients in the HAIC-BPL group, with no statistically significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups (all P>0.05). The ORR (59.6% vs. 65.9%) and DCR (72.3% vs. 80.5%) did not significantly differ between the HAIC-BP1 group and the HAIC-BPL group (both P>0.05). After a median follow-up of 16.3 months, there were no significant differences in median OS (21.3 months vs. 22.4 months) or median PFS (6.7 months vs. 6.2 months) between the HAIC-BP1 group and the HAIC-BPL group (both P>0.05). The incidence of AEs was similar, and no treatment-related deaths occurred. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified tumor diameter >10 cm as an independent adverse prognostic factor for PFS (HR=0.48, 95% CI=0.27-0.83, P=0.009). Conclusion Both HAIC-BP1 and HAIC-BPL demonstrated comparable efficacy and favorable safety profiles as first-line treatment options for advanced HCC. Tumor diameter >10 cm was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for PFS, underscoring the importance of patient stratification in clinical decision-making.

Graphical abstract

关键词

癌,肝细胞 / 化学疗法,肿瘤,局部灌注 / 免疫检查点抑制剂 / 贝伐单抗

Key words

Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion / Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors / Bevacizumab

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唐翔,杨周添,胡利,彭威,叶志炜,胡丹旦,王骏成,张耀军. 肝动脉灌注化疗联合贝伐珠单抗+信迪利单抗与阿替利珠单抗在晚期肝细胞癌中的疗效与安全性比较[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(07): 1382-1389 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250300

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肝癌是我国第四大常见的恶性肿瘤,其中肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)占肝癌病例的80%,然而大多数HCC患者在确诊时往往处于中晚期,错失了手术切除的最佳机会[1-4]。目前,对于无法手术切除的HCC患者,国内外指南均推荐采用系统治疗,并在合适的患者中联合肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)等综合治疗模式[5-9]。目前免疫治疗联合抗血管生成药物如阿替利珠联合贝伐珠单抗,信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠类似物在不可切除HCC患者中有显著的生存获益[10-13]。IMbrave150研究[14]显示,阿替利珠单抗+贝伐珠单抗(T+A)对比索拉非尼,T+A组中位总生存期(overall survival,OS)获得了显著延长(19.2个月vs. 13.4个月),中位无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)也获得延长(6.8个月vs. 4.3个月)。ORIENT-32研究[15]显示,信迪利单抗+贝伐珠单抗类似物一线治疗晚期HCC的OS显著优于索拉非尼,两组中位OS分别为未达到和10.4个月(P<0.000 1)。此外,有研究提示将系统治疗与HAIC联合应用,可提高中晚期HCC患者的肿瘤控制率和转化切除率[16-18],提示局部治疗联合系统治疗可以产生协同作用,提高抗肿瘤效果。然而针对不同免疫靶点,如HAIC联合阿替利珠单抗(PD-L1单抗)及贝伐珠单抗(HAIC-BP1)与HAIC联合信迪利单抗(PD-1单抗)及贝伐珠单抗(HAIC-BPL)在疗效与安全性方面的差异仍缺乏直接比较证据。本研究拟对比HAIC-BP1与HAIC-BPL两种治疗方案在晚期HCC患者中的临床获益与治疗风险,为晚期HCC患者治疗方案的选择提供循证依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性收集中山大学肿瘤防治中心2020年1月—2022年12月接受抗HAIC-BP1或HAIC-BPL治疗的HCC患者临床资料。纳入标准:(1) 患者经组织学或影像学诊断为晚期HCC;(2) 年龄18~75岁;(3) 肝功能Child-Pugh分级为A~B级,且患者东部肿瘤协作组体能状态评分为0~2;(4) 既往未接受过抗肿瘤治疗且无其他原发性肿瘤。排除标准:(1) 缺乏基线影像学检查;(2) 肝内无可测量病灶;(3) 患者治疗后未返院复查评估疗效。本研究已获得中山大学肿瘤防治中心机构审查委员会的批准(审批号:B2022-200-01)。

1.2 治疗方法

HAIC是一种血管内介入治疗,通过肝动脉导管给予化疗药物至肿瘤供血动脉来杀伤肿瘤细胞,该治疗对正常肝组织损伤较小,是治疗中晚期HCC的首选治疗方案之一[19-21]。HAIC采用Seldinger技术穿刺股动脉置管,造影明确肿瘤的主要供血动脉,微导管超选进入肿瘤的主要供血动脉,微导管放置完成后注入肝素水冲管防止微导管凝血,固定导管位置,无菌纱布覆盖。置管成功后返回病房行mFOLFOX6方案灌注,具体方案如下:奥沙利铂85 mg/m2肝动脉灌注2 h,亚叶酸钙400 mg/m2肝动脉灌注2 h,5-氟尿嘧啶400 mg/m2肝动脉推注1 h,随后5-氟尿嘧啶2 400 mg/m2/d动脉灌注23 h。每3周重复1次,灌注化疗期间给予止吐、水化、保肝等辅助治疗。

HAIC-BP1组治疗方法:静脉滴注信迪利单抗200 mg/次,联合贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg,同时联合HAIC,每3周1次,持续治疗直至疾病进展或出现不可耐受毒性。治疗期间可依据药物不良反应调整剂量或停药。

HAIC-BPL组治疗方法:静脉滴注阿替利珠单1 200 mg/次,联合贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg,同时联合HAIC,每3周1次,持续治疗直至疾病进展或出现不可耐受毒性。治疗期间可依据药物不良反应调整剂量或停药。

1.3 观察指标

本研究主要终点指标为PFS和客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)。PFS定义为从联合治疗开始至疾病进展或任何原因死亡的时间,依据mRECIST标准进行评估[22]。次要终点为OS,OS定义为从联合治疗开始至末次随访的时间或者至任何原因死亡的时间,依据mRECIST标准进行评估。评估标准如下:(1) 完全缓解(complete response,CR):靶病灶无动脉期增强;(2) 部分缓解(partial response,PR):靶病灶直径缩小>30%;(3) 疾病稳定(stable disease,SD):靶病灶直径缩小<30%,或增大<20%;(4) 疾病进展(progressive disease,PD):靶病灶直径增大>20%或发生新生病灶。ORR是达到CR和PR的患者数量占全部可评估患者总数的比例;疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)是达到CR、PR及SD的患者数量占全部可评估患者总数的比例。不良事件(adverse event,AE)根据美国国家癌症研究所常见不良事件术语标准(5.0版)进行分级。

1.4 随访

所有患者在完成两程HAIC-BP1或HAIC-BPL治疗后复查1次并行疗效评估,治疗结束后于2年内每3个月复查和随访1次,随访截止时间为2023年12月。常规随访检查包括血常规、肝功能、肿瘤标志物检测以及上腹部增强CT或MRI。一旦确诊肿瘤进展,立即启动治疗。

1.5 统计学处理

计数资料以例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验进行组间比较。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制PFS和OS生存曲线,并使用Log-rank检验对两组生存曲线进行比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。本研究中所有统计分析均使用R软件(版本4.2.2)完成。

2 结 果

2.1 患者一般情况

本研究纳入了88例接受HAIC-BP1或HAIC-BPL作为一线治疗的HCC患者。两组患者的基线特征总体相似:两组男性占比均超过90%(91.49% vs. 97.56%);乙型肝炎病毒感染率高(85.11% vs. 90.24%)。在肿瘤特征方面,两组患者肿瘤负荷重,大部分HCC患者有门静脉癌栓(82.98% vs. 82.93%),肿瘤直径>10 cm的比例分别为53.19%和58.54%,肿瘤数目>3个的比例分别为74.47%和70.73%,以上差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)(表1)。

2.2 近期临床疗效比较

在HAIC-BP1组中,患者达到CR和PR分别为3例(6.38%)和25例(53.19%);在HAIC-BPL组中,患者达到CR和PR分别为6例(14.63%)和21例(51.22%)。HAIC-BP1组和HAIC-BPL组间的ORR(59.57% vs. 65.85%,P=0.544)和DCR(72.34% vs. 80.49%,P=0.371)差异均无统计学意义(表2)。

2.3 远期临床疗效比较

本研究中位随访时间为16.3(95% CI=14.9~17.7)个月,HAIC-BP1组的中位随访时间为15.6个月,HAIC-BPL组中位随访时间为17.7个月。截至末次随访时间,HAIC-BP1组和HAIC-BPL组在OS(21.3个月vs. 22.4个月,P=0.98)及PFS(6.7个月vs. 6.2个月,P=0.98)差异均无统计学意义(图1)。

2.4 AE发生率比较

无治疗相关的死亡病例。两组最常见的治疗相关AE为低白蛋白血症和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)升高,其中AST升高在HAIC-BP1组的发生率略高于HAIC-BPL组(78.7% vs. 73.2%,P=0.542),低蛋白血症发生率两组相近(80.9% vs. 80.5%,P=0.966),经对症治疗后,患者肝功能指标均可在一周内恢复正常,未出现因严重肝功能损害或治疗相关毒性导致的再次住院。在贝伐珠单抗相关AE方面,两组上消化道出血发生率差异无统计学意义(4.3% vs. 9.8%,P=0.411),高血压发生率相近(38.3% vs. 29.3%,P=0.373)(表3)。所有AE经对症处理后均可得到有效控制。

2.5 HCC患者的影响因素

采用Cox比例风险回归模型对PFS预后因素进行了单因素和多因素分析。单因素分析结果显示,不同治疗方案、年龄、性别、乙肝、是否合并门静脉癌栓、肝功能、肿瘤数目、是否肝外转移与晚期HCC患者的PFS无明显关系(均P>0.05),甲胎蛋白和肿瘤直径与PFS明显有关(均P<0.05);多因素分析结果显示,肿瘤直径>10 cm是PFS的独立危险因素(P<0.05)(表4)。

3 讨 论

本研究回顾性分析了88例接受HAIC-BP1或HAIC-BPL为一线治疗的HCC患者,系统评估了两种联合方案的疗效与安全性。结果显示,HAIC-BP1的OS(21.3个月vs. 22.4个月,P=0.98)、PFS(6.7个月vs. 6.2个月,P=0.98)和AE与HAIC-BPL组差异均无统计学意义。多因素Cox回归分析显示,肿瘤直径>10 cm是PFS的独立危险因素。

目前,关于在晚期HCC中选择PD-1或PD-L1单抗的直接比较证据仍然有限。本研究结果显示,在局部治疗HAIC联合贝伐珠单抗的基础上,无论联用PD-1还是PD-L1单抗,两组疗效无显著差异。其可能原因在于:贝伐珠单抗及HAIC可直接杀伤肿瘤细胞并促进肿瘤相关抗原释放,这些抗原被摄取并递呈给CD8⁺ T细胞,而PD-1/PD-L1单抗均可恢复并增强CD8⁺ T细胞的效应功能,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用[23-25]。因此,在HAIC与贝伐珠单抗治疗塑造的免疫微环境下,PD-1/PD-L1单抗可能表现出相近的临床获益[26]

局部治疗HAIC的使用可以进一步增强贝伐珠单抗联合PD-1/PD-L1单抗的疗效。多项研究表明,基于HAIC的联合免疫及靶向治疗策略能够为HCC患者带来生存获益[27]。一项前瞻性研究[28]提示,索拉非尼联合HAIC与单用索拉非尼相比,可以延长存在门静脉癌栓的HCC患者OS为6.24个月。同样,一项回顾性研究[29]发现,HAIC联合阿替利珠单抗和贝伐珠单抗能够为晚期HCC患者带来生存获益。本研究结果显示,HAIC-BP1组和HAIC-BPL组的ORR分别为59.57%和65.85%,显著高于ORIENT-32研究(21%)和IMbrave150研究(30%)的结果,提示HAIC联合贝伐珠单抗和PD-1/PD-L1单抗能够给HCC患者带来更高的治疗有效率。

本研究未出现与治疗相关死亡病例,患者整体耐受性良好。约80%的患者出现了AST升高和低蛋白血症,通过调整药物剂量和对症支持治疗后,指标均可恢复至正常范围内,未影响患者后续抗肿瘤治疗。此外,HAIC-BP1组与HAIC-BPL组的上消化道出血发生率分别为4.3%和9.8%,与IMbrave150研究和ORIENT-32研究结果相似,未因联合局部治疗HAIC而出现升高趋势[30]。总的来说,局部治疗HAIC联合贝伐珠单抗及PD-1/PD-L1单抗并不会给HCC患者带来严重的不良反应。

综上所述,选择HAIC-BP1或HAIC-BPL作为晚期HCC的一线治疗方案均可为晚期HCC患者带来生存获益,且安全性可控。然而本研究为单中心回顾性研究,可能存在一定的选择性偏倚,关于HAIC-BP1和HAIC-BPL疗效差异的比较仍需要大样本量、多中心的前瞻性随机对照研究进一步验证。

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