病理性穿通支静脉的诊治进展

梁雨萌 ,  唐明珺 ,  邹伟璞 ,  朱越锋

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12) : 2696 -2701.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (12) : 2696 -2701. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250305
文献综述

病理性穿通支静脉的诊治进展

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Advances in diagnosis and treatment of pathologic perforating veins

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摘要

穿通支静脉连接下肢深、浅静脉系统,在维持浅静脉向深静脉单向回流中发挥重要作用。当穿通支静脉瓣膜功能不全时,可导致深静脉向浅静脉反流,引起浅静脉高压,进而诱发静脉曲张、皮肤色素沉着、湿疹及静脉性溃疡等一系列慢性静脉疾病表现。研究表明,病理性穿通支静脉(PPV)与下肢静脉性溃疡的发生和愈合密切相关,也是静脉曲张术后复发的重要因素之一。然而,对于多数以浅静脉反流为主的静脉曲张患者,同期干预穿通支静脉是否能够带来额外获益,仍存在争议。近年来,影像学诊断技术及微创治疗手段的不断发展,使PPV的识别和治疗策略逐渐多样化。本文围绕PPV的生理与病理机制、解剖学特点、诊断方法及治疗进展进行综述,旨在为临床合理评估和个体化治疗提供参考。

Abstract

Perforating veins connect the deep and superficial venous systems of the lower extremities and play a crucial role in maintaining unidirectional blood flow from the superficial to the deep veins. Incompetence of perforating vein valves may result in reflux from the deep to the superficial venous system, leading to elevated superficial venous pressure and subsequent pathological changes, including varicose veins, skin pigmentation, dermatitis, and venous ulcers. Accumulating evidence suggests that pathological perforating veins (PPVs) are closely associated with the development and delayed healing of lower extremity venous ulcers and represent an important contributor to postoperative recurrence of varicose veins. However, whether routine concomitant treatment of perforating veins provides additional clinical benefits in patients primarily treated for superficial venous reflux remains controversial. With advances in imaging techniques and minimally invasive therapies, diagnostic accuracy and treatment options for PPVs have expanded substantially. This review summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology, anatomical characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic advances in PPVs, aiming to provide clearer guidance for clinical decision-making and individualized management.

关键词

静脉功能不全 / 血管外科手术 / 消融技术 / 综述

Key words

Venous Insufficiency / Vascular Surgical Procedures / Ablation Techniques / Review

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梁雨萌,唐明珺,邹伟璞,朱越锋. 病理性穿通支静脉的诊治进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(12): 2696-2701 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250305

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病理性穿通支静脉(pathologic perforating veins,PPV)是下肢慢性静脉疾病中的一种,通常表现为静脉瓣膜功能不全,导致静脉血液反流和局部静脉压增高,从而引发一系列临床症状,如下肢水肿、皮肤色素沉着、静脉曲张以及静脉溃疡等[1]。PPV的发生机制涉及多种因素,包括遗传、炎症反应、静脉壁结构异常和血流动力学改变等[2]。近年来,影像学技术和微创治疗技术的发展显著改进了PPV的诊断和治疗手段。诊断主要依靠影像学检查,特别是多普勒超声检查,可精确评估静脉血流动力学和瓣膜功能。计算机断层静脉造影(computed tomography venography,CTV)和MRI用于复杂病例进一步明确病变范围和评估效果。治疗方面,除传统开放手术(如大隐静脉高位结扎剥脱术)外,微创技术如射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)、激光消融(endovenous laser ablation,EVLA)、高强度聚焦超声波(high-intensity focused ultrasound,HIFU)等热消融技术,以及泡沫硬化剂注射、机械化学消融、氰基丙烯酸酯黏合剂闭合术等非热消融技术提供了更多选择[1]

1 正常穿通支静脉的生理机制与解剖

穿通支静脉连接下肢浅静脉系统和深静脉系统。浅静脉系统包括大隐静脉和小隐静脉等,深静脉系统由胫后静脉、腘静脉和股静脉等组成[3]。穿通支静脉穿越筋膜,将浅静脉血液引流至深静脉系统。交通支静脉是同一筋膜层内的连接静脉[4]。正常穿通支静脉内的双叶瓣膜结构确保血液单向流动(浅静脉→深静脉)[5]。重要临床解剖位置包括小腿内侧的Cockett穿通支(踝上7~9 cm及10~12 cm)和Boyd穿通支(膝下)[3]

2 异常的穿通支静脉

功能不全穿通支静脉(incompetent perforating vein,IPV)通常由静脉瓣膜受损或功能异常引起,导致深静脉→浅静脉反流,静脉压升高[4]。PPV与IPV在病理机制和临床表现上有区别:IPV指瓣膜功能异常导致反流,不一定有实质性破坏;PPV则不仅功能异常,还涉及静脉壁结构的显著异常和不可逆改变(如静脉扩张、曲张,胶原/弹性纤维退化)[6],瓣膜功能完全丧失,常表现为严重静脉曲张、慢性溃疡和色素沉着[4,6]。有相关研究表明病情越重,穿通支静脉功能不全的比例越高,功能不全的穿通支静脉表现为管径增大、反流时间延长、流速和流量升高,且与皮肤色素沉着、溃疡等并发症发生密切相关[7-8],但往往需要治疗的是PPV,单纯的IPV有功能恢复的可能性。该项研究处理穿通支静脉治疗静脉性溃疡的疗效评估,证明了其治疗穿通支静脉的重要性[9]

3 PPV相关辅助检查及诊断标准

3.1 双功超声(duplex ultrasound,DUS)

指南[10-11]推荐的首选检查,优势包括无创、高效、经济、可重复性强。可清晰显示位置、数量、直径、反流时间,动态观察血流方向。采用小腿挤压松弛试验或Parana试验判断反流(深静脉→浅静脉,时间>0.5 s为IPV)[10]。DUS在术前静脉图绘制、术中引导(如RFA、EVLA)及术后随访[评估疗效、监测深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)等并发症]中至关重要。

3.2 超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)

CEUS可进一步提高IPV检出率[12]。Pitoulias等[13]证据支持超声检查在盆腔静脉功能不全诊断中的有效性,其敏感度和特异度均优异,简单便捷。

3.3 CTV

CTV可提供高分辨率三维图像,全面评估静脉系统,辐射暴露和造影剂相关风险(过敏、肾损)[14]

3.4 磁共振静脉造影(magnetic resonance venography,MRV)

MRV无辐射,高对比度,多平面成像。但检查时间长且费用高[15]。MRV可有效检测下肢静脉穿支功能不全,对于直径超过2.8 mm的穿支,阳性预测值超过95%,对于直径超过3.4 mm的穿支,阳性预测值超过100%[16]

3.5 静脉造影

静脉造影实时成像,准确率高。但需侵入性操作,存在辐射及造影剂风险[17],通常不作为首选。

3.6 双红外-可见光热成像技术(infrared and visible light thermal imaging,IRTV)

IRTV无创,通过皮肤温度变化识别静脉功能不全,检测IPV的敏感度和特异度与CDU相当,提供直观温度图像。但环境温度/皮肤状态均可能影响IPV准确率,且设备成本高,需要专业技术人员操作[18]

采用上述检查对进行PPV诊断时,需同时满足[19]:(1) 穿通支静脉筋膜裂孔处直径≥3.5 mm;(2) 反流时间>500 ms;(3) 位于活动期或愈合期溃疡下方。表1汇总了PPV主要诊断方法的优势、局限性及适用场景等。

4 治疗方法

4.1 保守治疗

(1) 一般治疗:腿部卫生、适当运动(抬高腿部、走动)、局部对症处理。(2) 药物治疗:静脉活性药物如黄酮类、香豆素类、皂苷类,可改善静脉血流动力学、降低炎症反应,缓解疼痛、肿胀和沉重感,提高生活质量[20]。(3) 压力治疗:弹性压力袜(分级压力,踝部最大)改善静脉回流,减少淤血。研究[21]显示,定制压力袜在改善生活质量、舒适度和依从性方面优于标准袜,能更好减少腿部肿胀和静脉压。

4.2 手术治疗

4.2.1 手术指征[22]

(1) C2(静脉曲张):初次治疗不推荐处理穿通支,主要处理隐静脉反流,术后进一步评估处理穿通支静脉。(2) C3(水肿):相对指征(处理浅静脉反流时,若有明显症状可同时处理IPV)。(3) C4(皮肤改变):相对指征(处理浅静脉反流时处理IPV,改善皮肤症状并减少复发风险)。(4) C5(愈合性溃疡):绝对指征(推荐处理浅静脉反流时处理IPV,减少溃疡复发)。(5) C6(活动性溃疡):绝对指征(强烈推荐处理浅静脉反流时处理IPV,促进溃疡愈合和预防复发)。

4.2.2 手术及微创治疗方法

(1) 传统开放手术(high ligation and stripping,HLS):目前推崇小切口结合静脉钩剥脱结扎PPV,创伤小,门诊手术即可完成;但成功率非100%(5%遗漏),3年内复发率也高达32%[23-24]。(2) 内镜下穿通支静脉手术(subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery,SEPS)[25]:微创手术,避免在受损皮肤切口,减少伤口并发症;内镜直视下精确结扎PPV降低静脉高压;1年溃疡愈合率96.2%、3年累积复发率8.6%,术后静脉临床严重程度评分显著降低。但该技术难度高,存在并发症发生风险(DVT约1%,隐神经损伤约7%)。(3) RFA:微创手术,恒定温度(100~120 ℃)较安全,周围组织损伤风险低[26-27],初次技术成功率64.9%,再消融后技术成功率67.3%,24个月闭合率65.38%[27];虽然可以减少感染、瘢痕的发生风险,但也存在皮肤灼伤、神经损伤、DVT等并发症发生风险[28]。在一项研究[28]中针对EVLA和EVLA+UGFS联合治疗对于临床严重程度较低的患者疗效相当,可考虑仅针对GSV功能不全进行治疗,无需同期处理PVI。(4) EVLA:操作温度较高,易损伤周围组织,初次成功率>85%[29]。并发症类似RFA,皮肤灼伤/感染风险相对较高。(5) 微波消融(microwave ablation,MWA):有效,但高温风险更大,对周围组织损伤风险高[30],并且设备成本高,操作技术要求高[31]。(6) 超声引导下泡沫硬化疗法[32](ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy,UGFS):非热、非手术,操作简便、成本低、无需全麻、门诊操作即可完成,患者恢复快、不适感小。静脉闭合率70%~90%,并发症(局部炎症、色素沉着、偶发血栓)发生率低于侵入性方法。但化学性质可能导致局部炎症、色素沉着、皮肤坏死;对大直径/深部静脉效果较差,复发率较高。(7) 超声引导下穿通支静脉氰基丙烯酸酯栓塞术(cyanoacrylate adhesive perforator embolization,CAPE)[33]:微创、局麻手术,门诊即可完成。氰基丙烯酸酯固化迅速,可减少药物扩散和全身副作用风险。无热损伤,并发症发生率低。初次注射后96.3%成功闭合,随访72 d闭合率86.5%,复发后追加注射可再闭合。但CAPE技术较新,临床应用时间短,长期效果仍需进一步验证;氰基丙烯酸酯为永久植入物,可能导致局部炎症、感染;操作要求高,偶有浅表性血栓性静脉炎发生,不慎注入深静脉可致DVT/肺栓塞,限制了技术的普及。(8) HIFU[34]:侵入性操作,无切口/导管,门诊手术即可完成。精确聚焦能量使血管闭合,周围组织损伤小,适用于皮肤严重受损/溃疡患者。但设备昂贵,技术要求高;局部过热致皮肤灼伤风险;长期效果和安全性需要更多研究验证,样本量有限。表2总结比较了PPV主要治疗技术的特点、优势、局限等。

5 小结与展望

尽管穿通支静脉功能不全可导致静脉高压、术后复发及下肢溃疡,但并非所有IPV均需干预。关键是准确评估其病理状态,制定个体化治疗方案。需综合考虑患者具体情况、医生经验、住院时间、费用、病情等因素,避免过度治疗。

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