代谢综合征对肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术后围手术期及远期结局的影响

闵柯 ,  李子沐 ,  刘智鹏 ,  戴海粟 ,  白洁 ,  江艳 ,  陈志宇

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (08) : 1671 -1679.

PDF (773KB)
中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (08) : 1671 -1679. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250309
专题研究

代谢综合征对肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术后围手术期及远期结局的影响

作者信息 +

Impact of metabolic syndrome on perioperative and long-term outcomes after radical resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (790K)

摘要

背景与目的 肝门部胆管癌(pCCA)预后较差,根治性切除虽是主要治疗手段,但术后复发率高、总生存(OS)率低。代谢综合征(MetS)已被证实与多种肿瘤不良预后相关,其对pCCA术后结局的影响尚不明确。本研究旨在评估MetS对pCCA患者根治性切除术后围手术期及远期预后的影响。 方法 回顾性分析2018年1月—2023年12月在中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第一附属医院接受根治性切除的223例pCCA患者,根据MetS诊断标准分为MetS组(50例)和非MetS组(173例)。比较两组的围手术期并发症、OS、无复发生存期(RFS),并通过多因素分析探讨预后相关因素。 结果 两组在中位住院时间、总并发症和严重并发症发生率上差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。MetS组1、3、5年OS率分别为62.3%、22.3%、0,RFS率分别为46.2%、16.9%、0;非MetS组1、3、5年OS率为78.2%、39.5%、22.0%,RFS率为63.8%、29.6%、18.8%。MetS组的中位OS和RFS(15.0和12.0个月)均明显低于非MetS组(27.0和21.0个月)(P=0.021;P=0.037)。多因素分析显示,MetS和大血管侵犯是OS的独立影响因素;MetS、黄疸、R0切除及大血管侵犯是RFS的独立影响因素(均P0.05)。 结论 MetS与pCCA患者根治性切除术后更差的远期生存及更高的复发风险显著相关,提示应将MetS纳入术前评估和术后管理,以改善预后。

Abstract

Background and Aims Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is associated with poor prognosis. Radical resection remains the mainstay of treatment; however, high recurrence rates and limited overall survival (OS) after surgery. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been linked to unfavorable outcomes in various malignancies, but its impact on postoperative outcomes in pCCA is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of MetS on perioperative and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing radical resection for pCCA. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 223 patients who underwent radical resection for pCCA at the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University between January 2018 and December 2023. Patients were categorized into a MetS group (n=50) and a non-MetS group (n=173) according to diagnostic criteria. Perioperative complications, overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were compared between groups. Prognostic factors were identified using multivariate analysis. Results No significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding median hospital stay, overall complications, or severe complications (all P0.05). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates in the MetS group were 62.3%, 22.3%, and 0, respectively, compared with 78.2%, 39.5%, and 22.0% in the non-MetS group. Corresponding RFS rates were 46.2%, 16.9%, and 0 in the MetS group vs. 63.8%, 29.6%, and 18.8% in the non-MetS group. Median OS and RFS were significantly shorter in the MetS group than in the non-MetS group (15.0 vs. 27.0 months; 12.0 vs. 21.0 months; P=0.021 and P=0.037, respectively). Multivariate analysis identified MetS and major vascular invasion as independent predictors of OS, while MetS, jaundice, R0 resection, and major vascular invasion were independent predictors of RFS (all P0.05). Conclusion MetS is significantly associated with worse long-term survival and higher recurrence risk after radical resection for pCCA. Incorporating MetS into preoperative assessment and postoperative management strategies may help improve patient outcomes.

Graphical abstract

关键词

Klatskin肿瘤 / 代谢综合征 / 手术后并发症 / 预后

Key words

Klatskin Tumor / Metabolic Syndrome / Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma / Prognosis

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
闵柯,李子沐,刘智鹏,戴海粟,白洁,江艳,陈志宇. 代谢综合征对肝门部胆管癌根治性切除术后围手术期及远期结局的影响[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(08): 1671-1679 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250309

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

肝门部胆管癌(perihilar cholangiocarcinoma,pCCA)是起源于肝门区胆管上皮的常见胆道恶性肿瘤[1-4],根治性切除术是目前唯一可能治愈该疾病的手段,但术后复发率高且长期生存率低[5-7]。代谢综合征(metabolic syndrome,MetS)是以肥胖、高血糖、高血压和血脂异常为特征的一组代谢紊乱综合征,其全球患病率近年来不断攀升[8],发病机制涉及胰岛素抵抗、慢性炎症及氧化应激等多方面[9-11]。研究表明,MetS不仅可通过脂代谢异常诱导肿瘤微环境重塑及免疫功能障碍,从而促进肿瘤发生与转移,还可能因代谢紊乱导致免疫功能下降,进而影响患者围手术期康复[12-18]。随着MetS患病率持续增高,这一群体在肿瘤临床中的重要性日益凸显[19-23]。现有证据显示,MetS对乳腺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌等多种恶性肿瘤的预后具有显著影响[24-31],并与胆管癌的发生相关[32],然而其对pCCA患者术后预后的作用尚未明确。因此,本研究通过回顾性分析,旨在探讨MetS对行根治性切除术的pCCA患者围手术期结局及长期生存的影响,为临床预后评估与治疗策略制定提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

本研究为单中心回顾性研究,收集了中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第一附属医院2018年1月—2023年12月连续收治的223例接受根治性切除术的pCCA患者资料。其中,男性129例,女性94例;年龄29~84岁,平均(59.1±10.1)岁;平均体质量指数(bady mass index,BMI)(22.5±3.0)kg/m2。所有患者均接受根治性切除手术,包括肝外胆管切除+局部淋巴结清扫+肝部分切除术+胆管空肠吻合术。纳入标准:(1) 病理诊断明确:经术后病理检查确诊为pCCA的患者;(2) 根治性切除手术:接受根治性切除术,即大体范围和目视情况下完成切除肿瘤[R0切除(肿瘤完全切除)、R1切除(显微镜下残留)];(3) 患者年龄≥18岁;(4) 临床和随访数据完整:有完整的术前、术中、术后临床资料,包括影像学检查、实验室检查、病理报告;(5) 无严重的心、肺、脑、肾等重要器官功能障碍;(6) 患者签署知情同意书,同意参与本研究。排除标准:(1) 合并其他恶性肿瘤:术前或术后发现有其他原发恶性肿瘤;(2) 术前接受新辅助治疗:术前接受过化疗、放疗、免疫治疗、靶向治疗等新辅助治疗。本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》宣言,并通过中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(批号:KY2021129)。

1.2 MetS的诊断标准

根据中华医学会糖尿病学分会的诊断标准[8],具备以下5项组成成分中的3项及以上者,即可被诊断为MetS:(1) 腹型肥胖(内脏型肥胖):腰围男性≥90 cm,女性≥85 cm;(2) 高血压:血压≥130/85 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或已确诊为高血压并接受治疗;(3) 高血糖:空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FPG)≥6.1 mmol/L和(或)餐后2 h血糖(2-hour post-prandial glucoses,2-h PPG)≥7.8 mmol/L,和(或)已确诊为糖尿病;(4) 血脂紊乱:空腹甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)≥1.7 mmol/L;(5) 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)1.04 mmol/L。

1.3 观测指标

1.3.1 基线资料

本研究基线资料主要包括:年龄、性别、BMI、高血压、TG、HDL-C、FPG、糖尿病史、肝硬化史、美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级、切肝范围、黄疸、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)、糖类抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9)、肿瘤直径、肿瘤分化差、血管侵犯、术中出血量、辅助治疗、R0切除。对于连续变量,使用正常范围的上限或下限将其转化为高/低分组,其中ALB为35 g/L,ALT为40 IU/L,AST为40 IU/L,CEA为5 μg/L,CA19-9为37 U/L。血管侵犯包括门静脉侵犯、肝静脉侵犯和肝动脉侵犯。

1.3.2 结局变量及其评价标准

结局变量:(1) 围手术期结局[33-34]:包括总并发症、严重并发症发生率,以及腹腔积液、肝功能衰竭、胆汁漏、腹腔出血和感染各项并发症发生率;(2) 随访情况:包括总生存期(overall survival,OS)和无复发生存期(recurrence‑free survival,RFS)。评价标准:(1) OS:自患者手术至患者死亡或最后随访的时间;(2) RFS:自患者手术至患者死亡或复发或最后随访的时间;(3) 根据Clavien-Dindo并发症分级标准对术后并发症进行分层[35-36];将Ⅰ~Ⅳ级并发症定义为总并发症,将Ⅲ级及以上并发症定义为严重并发症。pCCA根治性切除术后常见的并发症说明如下:腹腔积液定义为腹腔内液体异常积聚,液体量超过200 mL[37];肝功能衰竭定义为肝脏维持其合成、排泄和解毒功能的能力受损,其特征为术后第5天或之后国际标准化比值升高,并伴有高胆红素血症[38];胆汁漏定义为术后第3天或之后引流液中的胆红素浓度至少是血清胆红素浓度的3倍,或因胆道积液或胆汁腹膜炎而需要放射学或手术干预[39];术中出血是肝手术中常用的评估指标,由于减少了患者体内的血容量,直接增加了术后发病率和病死率[40];手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)定义为术后30 d内或术后90 d内(若手术涉及植入物)手术部位附近发生的与手术相关的感染。切口SSI又可分为仅涉及皮肤和皮下组织的SSI(浅层切口SSI)和涉及切口较深层软组织的SSI(深层切口SSI)。器官/间隙感染包括脓肿、腹腔内手术吻合口漏和植入物相关感染[41-42]

1.4 手术方法

术中视肿瘤情况,决定是否联合血管切除术与重建术。肝切除范围包括:(1) 右半肝切除术;(2) 左半肝切除术;(3) 扩大右半肝切除术(右半肝切除术+部分Ⅳ段切除);(4) 扩大左半肝切除术(左半肝切除术+部分V和Ⅷ段切除);(5) 中肝切除术(Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅷ段切除);(6) 哑铃形切除术(ⅣB段和部分Ⅴ段切除)[43]

1.5 随访方法

所有患者均在门诊接受严格的监督和随访,随访截至2025年1月10日。术后1~2年内,每3个月对入组患者进行肝功能、肿瘤标志物、超声造影、CT或MRI检查。术后3~5年后,每4~6个月进行上述检查。如怀疑复发或有远处转移,则行CT或MRI检查。

1.6 统计学处理

本研究采用SPSS 28.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料如果符合正态分布则用均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,用Student's t检验;计量资料如果不符合正态分布,则表示为中位数(四分位数间距)[MIQR)],用Mann-Whitney U非参数检验进行组间比较[44]。计数资料用例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行组间比较[45]。采用Kaplan‑Meier法计算OS率与RFS率并绘制OS与RFS曲线[46]。采用Log‑rank检验对OS率与RFS率进行组间比较[47]。采用多因素Cox回归模型探索与OS与RFS独立相关的因素。根据既往研究[46]报道,此项研究选择将年龄、大血管侵犯、黄疸、R0切除、CA19-9、CEA与MetS纳入Cox回归模型。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 患者基本资料

根据MetS的诊断标准,223例患者中,符合MetS诊断50例(22.4%)。MetS组患者的年龄、BMI、糖尿病比例、ASA分级Ⅱ级比例、术前黄疸比例、微小血管侵犯比例、TBIL水平、CA19-9水平均明显高于非MetS组(均P0.05),两组间其余指标差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)(表1)。

2.2 短期结局指标

全组中位住院时间25.0(17.0~34.0)d;MetS组中位住院时间26.0(19~36.8)d、非MetS组中位住院时间24.5(17.0~34.0)d,两组间住院时间差异无统计学意义(P=0.527)。全组共126例(56.5%)发生并发症,38例(17.0%)发生了严重并发症。MetS组30例(60.0%,30/50)发生并发症,10例(20.0%,10/50)发生严重并发症。非MetS组96例(55.5%,96/173)发生并发症,28例(16.3%,28/173)发生严重并发症。两组的总并发症和严重并发症发生率以及各项并发症的发生率差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)(表2)。

2.3 远期生存情况

全组的中位随访时间为22.6(10.5~54.0)个月,MetS组的中位随访时间为24.0(9.5~56.3)个月,非MetS组的中位随访时间为20.4(10.6~52.9)个月。MetS组1、3、5年OS率与RFS率分别为62.3%、22.3%、0和46.2%、16.9%、0;非MetS组1、3、5年OS率与RFS率分别为78.2%、39.5%、22.0%和63.8%、29.6%、18.8%。MetS组的中位OS和RFS分别为15.0(11.0~19.0)个月与12.0(8.0~16.0)个月;非MetS组的中位OS和RFS分别为27.0(20.5~33.5)个月与21.0(15.2~26.8)个月,MetS组的OS与RFS均明显差于非MetS组(P=0.021;P=0.037)。两组患者的OS曲线与RFS曲线见图1

2.4 预后因素分析

多因素分析结果显示:MetS和大血管侵犯是pCCA患者根治性切除术后OS的独立影响因素(均P0.05)(表3)。MetS、黄疸、R0切除、大血管侵犯是pCCA患者根治性切除术后RFS的独立影响因素(均P0.05)(表4)。

3 讨 论

本研究回顾性分析了223例接受根治性切除术的pCCA患者的病例资料,比较了MetS组与非MetS组患者的术后围手术期结局与生存情况。结果显示,两组在并发症发生情况方面差异无统计学意义,但MetS组的中位OS和中位RFS都明显低于非MetS组。上述结果表明,MetS与pCCA患者根治性切除术后的低OS率和高复发率相关,但对并发症发生率无显著影响。

MetS通过慢性炎症、胰岛素抵抗、高血糖及血脂异常等多重机制,促进肿瘤增殖、免疫逃逸和代谢重编程[如增强氨基酸与脂质分解,形成“三磷酸腺苷(ATP)成瘾”表型],从而增加pCCA术后复发、转移风险,并缩短患者OS[13-14,48-51]。然而,MetS对并发症发生率无明显影响,可能是由于现代医疗技术的进步和围手术期管理的优化,可能在一定程度上抵消了MetS对并发症的影响。例如,围手术期的血糖控制、感染的预防和治疗等措施,可能有效降低了MetS患者术后并发症的发生率。也可能由于本研究样本量有限,导致统计学上未能检测到MetS对并发症发生率的显著影响。在更大的样本量或更长期的随访中,这种差异可能会显现出来。同时,还可能是肿瘤生物学差异导致的,MetS通过升高胰岛素、瘦素、白细胞介素6营造促瘤微环境(M2巨噬细胞极化、CD8⁺ T细胞功能抑制),主要影响肿瘤复发和转移,而非吻合口漏、出血等外科技术性并发症。

据笔者所知,本研究首次探讨了MetS对行根治性切除的pCCA患者围手术期及远期预后的影响。既往研究多集中于乳腺癌、结直肠癌、前列腺癌等肿瘤,并表明MetS与其复发和不良生存显著相关[24-31]。然而,胆管癌在解剖结构、微环境及机制通路方面与上述肿瘤存在明显差异:MetS在胆管癌中的作用可能更依赖于“胆汁酸-免疫”轴而非典型的“胰岛素-炎症”通路[52-54],其影响更为复杂。目前尚无针对MetS与胆道恶性肿瘤术后结局关系的深入研究,本研究旨在填补这一空白。

本研究注意到MetS组与非MetS组间存在年龄、CA19-9等基线不平衡,这可能会使非MetS组的“生存优势”被放大,或“劣势”被掩盖。但MetS并非单一结局,而是由多种代谢紊乱(如肥胖、高血糖、高血压、血脂异常等)组成的综合征,这些不平衡可能与MetS疾病自身固有的差异有关。为避免匹配多种代谢组分引入选择偏倚,本研究未进行基线资料匹配。为了进一步降低组间基线资料对结局差异的影响,笔者对OS与RFS进行了多因素Cox回归分析。

本研究的局限性在于,首先,样本量相对较小,可能影响结果的统计效能和普遍性。其次,研究为回顾性设计,可能存在选择偏倚和信息偏倚。并且,一些未测量的因素,如患者术后生活方式、药物使用情况等也会对结果产生一定影响。此外,尽管进行了多因素Cox回归分析,但未能对所有潜在混杂因素进行完全控制。未来需要更大样本量的前瞻性研究来进一步验证这些发现。

综上所述,本研究发现MetS与pCCA患者根治性切除术后远期OS缩短和肿瘤复发风险增加明显相关。建议术前应对MetS患者进行详细的评估和优化治疗,如术前常规筛查MetS组分即可为外科医生提供额外的预后判别信息,有助于术后随访强度与辅助治疗决策的个体化制定。对拟行根治性切除的pCCA患者,可以在术前控制代谢相关指标,术后进行密切的随访和管理,以提高患者的远期生存情况与降低肿瘤复发风险。

综上所述,本研究表明,MetS与pCCA患者根治性术后远期OS缩短和复发风险增加显著相关。建议术前对拟行根治性切除的pCCA患者进行MetS的全面评估与干预,例如常规筛查代谢指标,以辅助预后判断并个体化制定随访和辅助治疗策略。通过围手术期代谢管理及术后密切随访,可能有助于改善患者OS并降低复发风险。

参考文献

[1]

Dar FS, Abbas Z, Ahmed I, et al. National guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2024, 30(9):1018-1042. doi:10.3748/wjg.v30.i9.1018 .

[2]

湖南省医学会肝胆外科专业委员会, 湖南省胆道病防治临床医学研究中心, 胆道疾病防治湖南省重点实验室, . 肝门部胆管癌诊疗湖南专家共识(2025版)[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(1):1-27. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240635 .

[3]

The Hepatobiliary Surgery Professional Committee of Hunan Medical Association, Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Biliary Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Biliary Diseases, et al. Hunan expert consensus on comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (2025 edition)[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(1):1-27. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240635 .

[4]

邬长康. 腹腔镜下与开腹肝门胆管癌根治术的临床疗效对比研究[D]. 南充:川北医学院, 2021. doi:10.27755/d.cnki.gcbyx.2020.000031 .

[5]

Wu CK. Comparative study on the clinical efficacy of laparoscopic and open radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma[D]. Nanchong: Chuanbei Medical College, 2021. doi:10.27755/d.cnki.gcbyx.2020.000031 .

[6]

陈志宇. 胆道外科历史及现代胆道外科技术体系的建立[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2022, 21(1):79-82. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20211222-00673 .

[7]

Chen ZY. History of biliary surgery and establishment of mordern biliary surgery technology system[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2022, 21(1):79-82. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20211222-00673 .

[8]

张育诚, 车斯尧. 肝门部胆管癌的临床研究进展[J]. 中国肿瘤外科杂志, 2024, 16(5):514-520. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4136.2024.05.017 .

[9]

Zhang YC, Che SY. Clinical research progress of the hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Chinese Journal of Oncology Surgery, 2024,16(5):514-520. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4136.2024.05.017 .

[10]

Jung P, Cho EH, Kim SB, et al. Comparison of the clinical results of surgical resection for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas: Hilar cholangiocarcinoma and mid-to-distal cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Ann Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg, 2019, 23(4):319-326. doi:10.14701/ahbps.2019.23.4.319 .

[11]

张宇, 王慧君, 郑卫华, . 肝门部胆管癌外科治疗的争议与进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2024, 33(2):257-264. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.02.012 .

[12]

Zhang Y, Wang HJ, Zheng WH, et al. Controversies and advances in surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2024, 33(2):257-264. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2024.02.012 .

[13]

中华医学会糖尿病学分会代谢综合征研究协作组. 中华医学会糖尿病学分会关于代谢综合征的建议[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2004, 12(3):156-161. doi:10.3321/j.issn:1006-6187.2004.03.002 .

[14]

Collaborative Group of Metabolic Syndrome Research, diabetes Branch, Chinese Medical Association. Suggestions of diabetes branch of Chinese medical association on metabolic syndrome[J]. Chinese Journal of Diabetes, 2004, 12(3):156-161. doi:10.3321/j.issn:1006-6187.2004.03.002 .

[15]

Fahed G, Aoun L, Bou Zerdan M, et al. Metabolic syndrome: updates on pathophysiology and management in 2021[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(2):786. doi:10.3390/ijms23020786 .

[16]

Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome[J]. Lancet, 2005, 365(9468):1415-1428. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7 .

[17]

Xu H, Li X, Adams H, et al. Etiology of metabolic syndrome and dietary intervention[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2018, 20(1):128. doi:10.3390/ijms20010128 .

[18]

Andersen CJ, Murphy KE, Fernandez ML. Impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on immunity[J]. Adv Nutr, 2016, 7(1): 66-75. doi: 10.3945/an.115.010207 .

[19]

Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation and metabolic disorders[J]. Nature, 2006, 444(7121):860-867. doi:10.1038/nature05485 .

[20]

Corn KC, Windham MA, Rafat M. Lipids in the tumor microenvironment: from cancer progression to treatment[J]. Prog Lipid Res, 2020, 80:101055. doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101055 .

[21]

Fu Y, Zou T, Shen X, et al. Lipid metabolism in cancer progression and therapeutic strategies[J]. MedComm (2020), 2020, 2(1):27-59. doi:10.1002/mco2.27 .

[22]

Snaebjornsson MT, Janaki-Raman S, Schulze A. Greasing the wheels of the cancer machine: the role of lipid metabolism in cancer[J]. Cell Metab, 2020, 31(1):62-76. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.010 .

[23]

Yu W, Lei Q, Yang L, et al. Contradictory roles of lipid metabolism in immune response within the tumor microenvironment[J]. J Hematol Oncol, 2021, 14(1):187. doi:10.1186/s13045-021-01200-4 .

[24]

Xu S, Chaudhary O, Rodríguez-Morales P, et al. Uptake of oxidized lipids by the scavenger receptor CD36 promotes lipid peroxidation and dysfunction in CD8+ T cells in tumors[J]. Immunity, 2021, 54(7):1561-1577. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.003 .

[25]

Battelli MG, Bortolotti M, Polito L, et al. Metabolic syndrome and cancer risk: the role of xanthine oxidoreductase[J]. Redox Biol, 2019, 21:101070. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2018.101070 .

[26]

Esposito K, Chiodini P, Colao A, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Diabetes Care, 2012, 35(11):2402-2411. doi:10.2337/dc12-0336 .

[27]

Belladelli F, Montorsi F, Martini A. Metabolic syndrome, obesity and cancer risk[J]. Curr Opin Urol, 2022, 32(6):594-597. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000001041 .

[28]

Deng F, Chen Y, Wu Y, et al. The relationship between metabolic syndrome and survival of patients with endometrial cancer: a meta-analysis[J]. Front Oncol, 2024, 14:1484109. doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1484109 .

[29]

Lu B, Qian JM, Li JN. The metabolic syndrome and its components as prognostic factors in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 38(2):187-196. doi:10.1111/jgh.16042 .

[30]

Pasanisi P, Berrino F, De Petris M, et al. Metabolic syndrome as a prognostic factor for breast cancer recurrences[J]. Int J Cancer, 2006, 119(1):236-238. doi:10.1002/ijc.21812 .

[31]

Shi J, Liu C, Zheng X, et al. Novel metabolic prognostic score for predicting survival in patients with cancer[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1):1322. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-85287-6 .

[32]

Cicione A, Brassetti A, Lombardo R, et al. Metabolic syndrome and physical inactivity may be shared etiological agents of prostate cancer and coronary heart diseases[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14(4):936. doi:10.3390/cancers14040936 .

[33]

Gacci M, Russo GI, De Nunzio C, et al. Meta-analysis of metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer[J]. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2017, 20(2):146-155. doi:10.1038/pcan.2017.1 .

[34]

Wang L, Du ZH, Qiao JM, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and endometrial cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Aging (Albany NY), 2020, 12(10):9825-9839. doi:10.18632/aging.103247 .

[35]

Kokts-Porietis RL, McNeil J, Nelson G, et al. Prospective cohort study of metabolic syndrome and endometrial cancer survival[J]. Gynecol Oncol, 2020, 158(3):727-733. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.06.488 .

[36]

Hu D, Peng F, Lin X, et al. Preoperative metabolic syndrome is predictive of significant gastric cancer mortality after gastrectomy: the Fujian prospective investigation of cancer (FIESTA) study[J]. EBioMedicine, 2017, 15:73-80. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.12.004 .

[37]

Park JH, Cho HS, Yoon JH. Thyroid cancer in patients with metabolic syndrome or its components: a nationwide population-based cohort study[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2022, 14(17):4106. doi:10.3390/cancers14174106 .

[38]

Park JH, Hong JY, Park YS, et al. Persistent status of metabolic syndrome and risk of cholangiocarcinoma: a Korean nationwide population-based cohort study[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2021, 155:97-105. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2021.06.052 .

[39]

Haller G, Bampoe S, Cook T, et al. Systematic review and consensus definitions for the Standardised Endpoints in Perioperative Medicine initiative: clinical indicators[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2019, 123(2):228-237. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2019.04.041 .

[40]

Myles PS, Bellomo R, Corcoran T, et al. Restrictive versus liberal fluid therapy for major abdominal surgery[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378(24):2263-2274. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1801601 .

[41]

Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey[J]. Ann Surg, 2004, 240(2):205-213. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000133083.54934.ae .

[42]

简睿, 李晨曦, 刘智鹏, . 肝胆管结石病患者肝切除术前体质量指数与术后严重并发症的关系[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(1):79-87. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240501 .

[43]

Jian R, Li CX, Liu ZP, et al. Relationship between preoperative body mass index and severe postoperative complications in patients with hepatolithiasis undergoing liver resection[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(1):79-87. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240501 .

[44]

Biggins SW, Angeli P, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome: 2021 practice guidance by the American association for the study of liver diseases[J]. Hepatology, 2021, 74(2):1014-1048. doi:10.1002/hep.31884 .

[45]

Rahbari NN, Garden OJ, Padbury R, et al. Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS)[J]. Surgery, 2011, 149(5):713-724. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2010.10.001 .

[46]

Koch M, Garden OJ, Padbury R, et al. Bile leakage after hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: a definition and grading of severity by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery[J]. Surgery, 2011, 149(5):680-688. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2010.12.002 .

[47]

Gupta R, Fuks D, Bourdeaux C, et al. Impact of intraoperative blood loss on the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic liver resection[J]. Surg Endosc, 2017, 31(11):4451-4457. doi:10.1007/s00464-017-5496-y .

[48]

Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, et al. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) hospital infection control practices advisory committee[J]. Am J Infect Control, 1999, 27(2):97-132. DOI: 10.1016/s0196-6553(99)70088-x

[49]

Zuo JH, Che XY, Tan BB, et al. Association between pre-operative body mass index and surgical infection in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma patients treated with curative resection: a multi-center study[J]. Surg Infect (Larchmt), 2024, 25(6):444-451. doi:10.1089/sur.2023.382 .

[50]

Liu ZP, Wang Y, Pan Y, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open resection of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: a propensity score-based analysis[J]. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2025, 14(2):207-221. doi:10.21037/hbsn-23-680 .

[51]

欧霞, 罗宇乐, 刘智鹏, . 术前总胆红素对肝胆管结石病肝切除围手术期并发症的影响[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2024, 23(8):1087-1092. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20240722-00354 .

[52]

Ou X, Luo YL, Liu ZP, et al. Influencing of preoperative total bilirubin on perioperative complications of hepatolithiasis receiving liver resection[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2024, 23(8):1087-1092. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20240722-00354 .

[53]

刘智鹏, 李雪雷, 戴海粟, . 胆囊癌根治术后实现肝脏外科中教科书式结局影响因素分析的全国多中心研究[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2023, 22(7):866-872. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20230619-00294 .

[54]

Liu ZP, Li XL, Dai HS, et al. Influencing factors of textbook outcomes in liver surgery after radical resection of gallbladder carcinoma: a national multicenter study[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2023, 22(7):866-872. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20230619-00294 .

[55]

刘智鹏, 李子沐, 罗宇乐, . 胆囊癌根治性目的切除术达到教科书式结局对远期预后影响的全国多中心队列研究[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2024, 23(7):926-933. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20240527-00264 .

[56]

Liu ZP, Li ZM, Luo YL, et al. Influence of curative-intent resection with textbook outcomes on long-term prognosis of gall-bladder carcinoma: a national multicenter study[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2024, 23(7):926-933. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20240527-00264 .

[57]

张东, 李起, 郭伟, . 胆囊癌意向性根治术后肿瘤早期复发影响因素及辅助化疗效果分析的全国多中心临床研究[J]. 中华消化外科杂志, 2024, 23(1):125-133. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20231130-00226 .

[58]

Zhang D, Li Q, Guo W, et al. Analysis of influencing factors for early tumor recurrence and efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in gallbladder carcinoma patients after curative-intent resection: a nationwide, multicenter clinical study[J]. Chinese Journal of Digestive Surgery, 2024, 23(1):125-133. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn115610-20231130-00226 .

[59]

Monteiro R, Azevedo I. Chronic inflammation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome[J]. Mediators Inflamm, 2010, 2010:289645. doi:10.1155/2010/289645 .

[60]

Chang SC, Yang WV. Hyperglycemia, tumorigenesis, and chronic inflammation[J]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2016, 108:146-153. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.003 .

[61]

Padthaisong S, Phetcharaburanin J, Klanrit P, et al. Integration of global metabolomics and lipidomics approaches reveals the molecular mechanisms and the potential biomarkers for postoperative recurrence in early-stage cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Cancer Metab, 2021, 9(1):30. doi:10.1186/s40170-021-00266-5 .

[62]

Prajumwongs P, Titapun A, Thanasukarn V, et al. Identification of serum metabolite biomarkers and metabolic reprogramming mechanisms to predict recurrence in cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1):12782. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-97641-9 .

[63]

郑国浩, 芶欣. 胆管癌治疗的现状与进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(2):356-364. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240624 .

[64]

Zheng GH, Gou X. Current status and progress in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma[J]. China Journal of General Surgery, 2025, 34(2):356-364.doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.240624 .

[65]

Zhang X, Yu C, Zhao S, et al. The role of tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma progression: a narrative review[J]. Cancer Med, 2023, 12(24):22109-22129. doi:10.1002/cam4.6717 .

[66]

Singer M, Zhang ZL, Dayyani F, et al. Modulation of tumor-associated macrophages to overcome immune suppression in the hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2024, 17(1):66. doi:10.3390/cancers17010066 .

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (773KB)

359

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/